as well as other partner offers and accept our. Where does this leave the Indian American community and its role in promoting U.S.-India relations? Follow. U.S.-born citizens report the highest levels of civic engagement, followed by foreign-born citizens and, in all categories save for one, non-citizens report the lowest levels of civic engagement. Twenty-six percent of U.S.-born citizens report taking part in voluntary service compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. 52 Arthur G. Rubinoff, The Diaspora as a Factor in U.S.-India Relations, Asian Affairs: An American Review 32, no. Overall, 41 percent of respondents rate it as very important and another 37 percent rate it as somewhat important. They are more likely to say they are very comfortable having Democratic than Republican friends, and three times as many say they would not be comfortable having close Republican friends than close Democratic friends. How do Indian Americans relate to the Indian American community writ large. The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000. How might non-Indians discriminate against Indians on the basis of caste if caste is not a salient category for them? Around 21 percent express no opinion either way. Interestingly, while three-fourths of respondents identify with an Indian nomenclature, this masks exactly how that term is used. Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. Relative to Muslims, Christians and Hindus are equally likely to self-identify as Indian American (47 percent each versus 32 percent for Muslims), and Hindus are substantially more likely to self-identify as Indian (32 percent versus 17 percent for Christians and 12 percent for Muslims). If half of all Indian Americans report some form discrimination, this begs the question: Who is discriminating against them? In the same exchange, Biden later added: One of the reasons why were such an incredible country is were such a diverse country. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. In terms of educational attainment, 48 percent of Hindus with an undergraduate education profess a caste identify compared to 43 percent with less than a four-year college degree. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. This section reviews two aspects of the social context within which Indian Americans operate. Nearly one in five (19 percent) identify this way, compared to 10 percent of Muslims and only 6 percent of Hindus. In all 15 states except West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016. The second part examines the social networks of Indians in America and how they vary by respondents demographic characteristics. For instance, 27 percent of Hindu respondents who identify with a caste report that all or most of their Indian friends share their caste affiliation. Community service is the most popular form of civic engagement for Indian Americans of all types. By tidal93341. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. The largest origin group of refugees was the Democratic Republic of the Congo, followed by Burma (Myanmar), Ukraine, Eritrea and Afghanistan. However, the results point in the opposite direction. Nearly half of all Muslims (48 percent) say they attend religious services regularly as well. Whereas 53 percent of foreign-born Hindu Indian Americans affiliate with a caste group, 34 percent of U.S.-born Hindu Indian Americans do the same. Using data from the US Census Bureau, we found the country that was the most common birthplace for foreign-born residents in each state (excluding Mexico, which was the most common country of birth for immigrants in 32 states). To provide an accurate picture of the Indian American community as a whole, the full sample contains both U.S. citizens and nonU.S. You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. See Doug Rivers, Pew Research: YouGov Consistently Outperforms Competitors on Accuracy, YouGov, May 13, 2016, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov. The share of Indian Americans who pray either several times a day or once a day is slightly below the U.S. average (46 percent according to Pew survey data).26 Another 20 percent of Indian Americans report taking part in prayer a few times a week or once a week, while 11 percent pray at least a few times a month. Forty percent of respondents report praying either several times a day or once a daysignificantly more than the 27 percent of the sample that attends religious services at least once a week. What is the largest immigrant group in America? By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. India tops that list in 21 states. Immigrants in the U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population. 24 Christine Tamir, Aidan Connaughton, and Ariana Monique Salazar, The Global God Divide, Pew Research Center, July 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/. Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. Fewer than one in ten respondents (9 percent) do not participate in any of these seven holidays. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. Overall, one-third of respondents report membership in an Indian American organization. Business Insider/Andy Kiersz, data from US Census Bureau, NOW WATCH: Here's how the map of the United States has changed in 200 years. Nearly one in four respondents reports no particular attachment to a state of origin. Thirty-one percent respond that it is a major problem, 53 percent believe it is a minor problem, and a small minority (17 percent) believe it is not a problem at all. This is a genuine puzzle. Fifty-eight percent of Hindus respond in this way, while 48 and 46 percent of Muslims and Christians, respectively, report that their networks are comprised of those of the same religion. The top countries of origin for immigrants were India (11 percent of immigrants), Mexico (8 percent), China (6 percent), the Philippines (3 percent), and Canada (3 percent). 2) Population estimates for stateswith an immigrant population under 2,000 persons are not provided due to insufficient sample size. Of the non-citizen population residing in the United States, the survey finds that 80 percent of them would accept U.S. citizenship if offeredan important preference given that Indian law forbids dual citizenship. For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. Immigrants convicted of a crime made up the less than half of deportations in 2018, the most recent year for which statistics by criminal status are available. First, the survey asks respondents to consider how discrimination against Indian Americans compares to discrimination directed toward other minority communities in the United States. The data in figure 26 show that one in two Indian Americans reports being subject to some form of discrimination in the past year. Therefore, the map above looks at the country other than Mexico that is the birthplace of the most foreign-born respondents in the survey. The balance (around 7 percent) consists of less frequently listed languages, ranging from Sindhi to Santali. 51 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?. Asian immigrants collectively comprised 28%, FBI Accused of Covering Up Buried Treasure. As the profile of the Indian American community has grown, so too has its economic, political, and social influence. Minnesota has proportionally fewer immigrants compared to the nation as a whole, but we have long been a state shaped by immigration. Much larger shares believe that other minority groups face greater discrimination than Indian Americans, including Latino Americans (90 percent), LGBTQ Americans (89 percent), African Americans (86 percent), and women (86 percent). In 2020, the United States granted 707,362 people lawful permanent resident status, a significant drop from the usual average of more than a million. The number of naturalization applications has climbed in recent years, though the annual totals remain below the 1.4 million applications filed in 2007. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. To broaden the aperture, the survey asks about discrimination along several dimensions beyond country of origin: skin color, gender, religion, and caste. But self-identification as a person of Indian origin tells us little about the strength of a respondents Indian identity. Second, around one-third of Christians and Hindus and two-fifths of Muslims are situated in the middle, reporting that some of their Indian American networks are made up of friends of the same religion. For a daily dose of the most relevant Dallas News! Although a large proportion are not U.S. citizens (38 percent), roughly 2.6 million are (1.4 million are naturalized citizens and 1.2 million were born in the United States). The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. Can you name the largest immigrant groups from each continent in Norway? The drop in the unauthorized immigrant population can primarily be attributed to more Mexican immigrants leaving the U.S. than coming in. Vietnamese Americans are the largest Asian origin group by population in four states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Nebraska); Hmong Americans are the largest in Minnesota and Wisconsin; and Korean Americans are the largest in Alabama. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. Its rapidly growing size, economic success, and growing political visibility have given it greater salience in American life. The tool also displays the share that all immigrants comprise of the state's total population. Portuguese-born people comprise 11.5% of Rhode Island's foreign-born population. 57 For the methodological intuition behind this approach, see Douglas Rivers and Delia Bailey, Inference From Matched Samples in the 2008 U.S. National Elections, Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association 2009, http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf. Of the over one million foreign born from India in the U.S., over half live in just five states. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. 29 Maari Zwick-Maitreyi, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, Natasha Dar, Ralph F. Bheel, and Prathap Balakrishnan, Caste in the United States: A Survey of Caste Among South Asian Americans (Equality Labs, 2018). She studies misinformation, media effects, and political behavior and employs survey and experimental methods in her work. This study utilizes a new source of empirical data to better understand the social realities of people of Indian origin residing in the United States. In 2017, 45% were naturalized U.S. citizens. This map displays the top origin regions of immigrants in the United States (default view), based on 2009-2013 American Community Survey data. 40 Interestingly, the Indian-origin composition of social networks does not vary significantly by respondents age. Interestingly, more than half of all Hindu respondents (56 percent) celebrate Christmas compared to just one in five Muslim respondents. The top 15 states also include several with large immigrant populations, such as Florida, Washington, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, where the foreign-born population grew faster than in the country overall. When it comes to online discussions of politics, 28 percent of U.S.-born citizens posted comments about political issues on an online forum, compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. YouGov recruited respondents from its proprietary panel comprising 1.8 million U.S. residents. Existing research has found that among major Asian American communities, Indian Americansboth men and womenhave the highest rate of endogamy (the custom of marrying within ones community) in both the first and second generations, although there is a noticeable increase in marriage outside of the community among members of the second generation.21. What are the social realities and lived experiences of Indian Americans? Another 4 percent were born in the United States to parents also born in the United States. U.S.-born Indian Americans, however, are more likely to report a social network with a limited number of Indians (stating very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin) or to take the middle ground42 percent of them report that some of their friends are Indian origin, compared to 35 percent of foreign-born respondents.40. Since 1820. Many states have large immigrant populations from India. The variation in respondents feelings of Indian-ness begs the question of how Indian Americans navigate multiple identities linked both to their country of origin as well as their country of settlement. However, non-citizens and foreign-born citizens report nonparticipation at roughly twice the rate of U.S.-born citizens: 47 and 41 percent, respectively, compared to 22 percent of U.S.-born citizens. Among these groups, the Irish were by far the largest. The second-biggest immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal. Ten percent of IAAS respondents identify as South Asian American, a term which refers to diaspora populations from countries across the region such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Clear differences along religious lines are evident in the responses to the question on the frequency of prayer (see figure 9). Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. Questions that measure social distance are often used to understand the salience of group identity and perceptions of group hierarchy, and as a basis of prediction of inter-group prejudice. Check your email for details on your request. Just 24 percent of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years identify as Indian American, compared to 41 percent of those who have been here for eleven to twenty-five years and 53 percent of those who have been here for more than twenty-five years. Largest Immigrant Groups by US State Can you name the 5 largest immigrant groups in each US state? As the Baby Boom generation heads into retirement, immigrants and their children are expected to offset a decline in the working-age population by adding about 18 million people of working age between 2015 and 2035. This proportion declines dramatically for Hindus, with only 21 percent reporting regularly attending religious services. The composition of immigrants changed again in the post-1965 immigration era. The pattern is similar when it comes to caste, although nearly one-quarter of respondents claim they do not know what share of their friends belong to their caste group, suggesting that caste is a less salient category for a significant segment of IAAS respondents. Followed by Cushite-Beja-Somali, Hmong, and Vietnamese. Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Given the fact that the majority of younger Indian Americans below age twenty-seven are born in the United States while the opposite is true of those above age twenty-seven, YouGov oversampled younger Indian Americans between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven to ensure that the studys analyses can make inferences about generational differences within the Indian American community. This finding tracks with other studies of immigrant communities.37. However, there is marked variation by place of birth. However, non-citizens are about as likely as foreign-born citizens to engage in the resolution of community issues (12 percent versus 11 percent). Since 1965, when U.S. immigration laws replaced a national quota system, the number of immigrants living in the U.S. has more than quadrupled. 25 Measuring Religion in Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel, Pew Research Center, January 14, 2021, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/. Another 31 percent report little or no participation in religious services, claiming they do so seldom or never. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity? Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program and the host of the Grand Tamasha podcast at Carnegie, where he focuses on India's political economy, governance, state capacity, distributive politics, and electoral behavior. Both frames were constructed by stratified sampling from the full 2018 ACS one-year sample. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. For Indian Americans, the past is not just a distant country. Forty percent of respondents born in the United States report being a member of an Indian American organization, compared to 29 percent of those born elsewhere. This paper explores a different cleavagepartisan affiliation in Indiaby examining how Indian Americans who favor the Congress or the BJP view supporters of the other party. The data for this study are based on an original online surveythe IAASof 1,200 Indian American U.S. residents conducted by YouGov between September 1 and September 20, 2020. Religious differences, in particular, have emerged as a salient divide both in India and among members of the diaspora. On the other hand, immigrants from every region except Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America were as likely as or more likely than U.S.-born residents to have a bachelors or advanced degree. Favorite. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Twenty-seven percent of respondents report that they attend religious services (apart from weddings and funerals) once a week or more than once a week. For instance, the social networks of an Indian American in Wyoming (where there are very few Indian Americans) will likely be dominated by non-Indian Americans. Some 42% of immigrants in the U.S. speak Spanish at home. But that same visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within the community. Among Republicans and Republican-leaning independents, 41% say immigrants strengthen the country, while 44% say they burden it. Americans were divided on future levels of immigration. Finally, given the sensitive nature of caste identity, nonresponses in the survey could mask those who do not wish to disclose their caste affiliation even if they are aware of their familys caste identity. These are not merely academic questions. (Respondents can select multiple choices from a preselected menu of options, so the percentages in the figure do not add up to 100.). The population of immigrants is also very diverse, with just about every country in the world represented among U.S. immigrants. An estimated 50.6 million American residents, or a little more than 15% of the countrys 331.4 million inhabitants, were born abroad. When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). Comments. Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. rise in the number from Central America and Asia. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B online. Rounding out the list, 41 percent report celebrating Holi (the Indian festival of colors that traditionally marks the beginning of Spring), 39 percent celebrate Valentines Day, 35 percent mark Indian Independence Day (August 15), and 20 percent commemorate Eid. As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the community's diversity too has grown. Around 337,000 immigrants were deported from the U.S. in fiscal 2018, up since 2017. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. Further analysis shows that both age and duration of stay in the United States are important. 44 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote?, 1617. In 2017, about 29 million immigrants were working or looking for work in the U.S., making up some 17% of the total civilian labor force. Indian Americans who have no allegiance to either major party hold slightly asymmetric views as well. Given the relatively small share of Christians in the Indian American community, this suggests that Christmas is celebrated more on cultural than religious grounds. El Salvador 17,907. Sampling weights were then post-stratified on 2016 presidential vote choice, as well as a three-way stratification of gender, age (four categories), and education (four categories), to produce the final weight. Please join us on the important journey to make Dallas a better place! We do ask that you be kind. Eight out of ten respondents say they have a spouse or partner of Indian origin (ranging from 85 percent of foreign-born respondents to 71 percent of U.S.-born respondents). 55 For an accessible introduction to this survey method, see Courtney Kennedy et al., Evaluating Online Nonprobability Surveys, Pew Research Center, May 2, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/. However, duration of stay remains significant. The low rate of political giving for non-citizens is expected given that non-citizens are forbidden from making political donations unless they are permanent residents (that is, they possess a green card). Table 1 provides a demographic profile of the IAAS sample in comparison to the Indian American sample in the 2018 ACS. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the United States. Hover over a state to view the total number of immigrants and their top region of birth. Fully one-third of respondentsa large proportiondo not express an opinion either way. Muslims and Christians are significantly more likely than Hindus to say that religion is very important to thema gap of nearly 30 percentage points. Thirteen percent of respondents are Muslim, 11 percent are Christian, and another 7 percent belong to a variety of other faiths including Buddhism and Sikhism. Twenty-nine percent of respondents report that most or all of their friends are from the same region of India. Young people place less importance on being Indian, even after controlling for how long they have been in the United States. There is a similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later took U.S. citizenship. 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. In 2018, roughly 11.2 million immigrants living in the U.S. were from there, accounting for 25% of all U.S. immigrants. This section reviews some basic characteristics of the social networks of Indian Americans. As the figure demonstrates, religion leads the way59 percent of Indian Americans believe it is responsible for creating internal divisions in the community. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax And, finally, 5 percent of all respondents report having encountered discrimination due to their caste identity. From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. If one restricts attention to respondents aged twenty-five and older, nearly 80 percent have either a college or postgraduate degree (compared to 73 percent in the overall sample). . Eighty-eight percent of Hindus say being Indian is very or somewhat important to them, compared to 79 percent of Christians and 66 percent of Muslims. Furthermore, the earlier version of the chart incorrectly showed thepartialyear shares of Hispanic and Asian recent arrivals in 2015; the correctedcompleteyear shares are 31% and 36%, respectively. Indian Americans in this latter category are also more inclined to state that being Indian is somewhat or very unimportant to them.33 Respondents who identify as Republicans are also significantly less likely to place importance on the Indian-ness of their identity compared to Democrats or independents. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. Twenty-four percent of Indian Americans report seldom or never praying. Most of the nations unauthorized immigrant population lived in these top metro areas as well. U.S. President Joe Biden remarked in a March 2021 phone call with Swati Mohan, an Indian-origin scientist charged with overseeing the highly anticipated landing of the Perseverance Mars rover for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Its amazing. How does this group perceive itself, and how does it believe others perceive it? Thirty-three percent were born in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the United States. Just 9 percent of them hold the same views vis--vis the Congress. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, How Will Indian Americans Vote? A few findings merit attention. 2 (2016): 283301. Foreign-born population by . In addition to new arrivals, U.S. births to immigrant parents will be important to future growth in the countrys population. The next largest origin groups were those from China (6%), India (6%), the Philippines (4%) and El Salvador (3%). 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey, Texas, Washington, New York and California, California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%), 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language, more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans, Key facts about U.S. immigration policies and Bidens proposed changes, Most Latinos say U.S. immigration system needs big changes, 60% of Americans Would Be Uncomfortable With Provider Relying on AI in Their Own Health Care, The changing face of Congress in 8 charts. Which Indian Americans reports being subject to some form of discrimination in the unauthorized immigrant population under 2,000 are! 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