GELFAND: In cross-cultural psychology, we study how ecological and historical factors cause the evolution of differences. Freakonomics Radiois produced by Stitcher and Renbud Radio. And I was interested in this, and I thought maybe it would tell us something about an innate human psychology for reciprocity or something like that. In an individualistic society, depending on how the mood is, you can get very different developments. We visit the world's busiest airport to see . Employees were asked to rate how much they agreed with statements like Competition among employees usually does more harm than good. And, Having interesting work is just as important to most people as having high earnings., HOFSTEDE: Simple questions about daily things that people understand. Chinese, in that respect, are very like the Americans. But its not only compliance. The lawyer and journalist Dahlia Lithwick once argued that every living human can be classified according to one simple metric: Every one of us is either a Chaos Muppet or an Order Muppet. Essentially: loose, or tight. 1 in individualism. This realization is what led us to todays episode of Freakonomics Radio. You could argue that Peppers owner is the one who isnt very disciplined. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity. They tend to veer tighter on our measures than places on the coast. Its part of our founding D.N.A. Weve interviewed dozens of academic researchers about lowering healthcare costs or improving access to childcare or building smarter infrastructure or creating a more equitable economy. When something is not easily measured, it often gets talked about in mushy or ideological terms. Freakonomics Essay. He started working as an engineer during turbulent years of rebuilding, and soon became a personnel manager. GELFAND: Having more adaptability, more innovation. HOFSTEDE: You could say these six dimensions of culture, they are perimeters to our sociality. The country that ranks highest in long-term orientation is Japan; also high on this scale are China and Russia. Why not? HOFSTEDE: Look, guys, we can do it. HOFSTEDE: He did social psychological work on what it is to be a manager. Groups that tend to have threat tend to develop stricter rules to coordinate. You can followFreakonomics RadioonApple Podcasts,Spotify,Stitcher, orwherever you get your podcasts. I asked Hofstede what he would advise if a given country did want to change its culture? Well hear about those dimensions soon enough. Heres how it works. NANJIANI: I was so excited to be in America I couldnt sleep. The concept of incentives is a way of explaining why human beings do things. So were all constraining one another through our collective culture. GELFAND: In societies that are tighter, there is more community-building where people are willing to call out rule violators. Im like, Were going to go to Singapore if you people dont behave.. The first (and longest) chapter focuses on the role of incentives in human behavior. Okay, you get the gist, right? That is generated by looseness. I know that wasnt your intention. Culturally maybe more than anything! Life is going to be hard. I do this for you and you do this for me. Folks who come from a collective standpoint where, I do this for you, but youre doing this for us thats a very, very different way of seeing the world. HOFSTEDE: Yes, especially by people from Anglo countries. Most sociologists agree that individualistic cultures value individual choice, personal freedom, and self-actualization (Kemmelmeier 2002). So, today on Freakonomics Radio: can we really build a model that explains why the American psyche is so unusual? According to Chapter 5 of Freakonomics, there is a black-white test score gap and that gap is larger when you compare black and white students from the same school. Gelfand wanted to learn where theyd get the most help. That, again, is Gert Jan Hofstede. The most indulgent country in these rankings is Mexico, at 97 out of 100; the most restrained: Egypt, at four. GELFAND: The U.S. is one of the most creative places on the planet. HOFSTEDE: And when he took the job in Lausanne, he found that the international group of pupils at his classes, if he asked them the same questions, came up with the same dimensions. you ask. GELFAND: Classic things like the Mller-Lyer Illusion, which is these two lines where one looks longer than the other. And when I started to work with Harry Triandis, who was one of the founders of the field, I thought, Wow, this is a super-interesting construct. HOFSTEDE: Masculine society means that if you show power, that gives you social status. She was majoring in pre-med. So looking decisive, muscular, active or if youre a woman, sexy that makes you more status-worthy. You have to pronounce it right. If you just look at Americans, its 70 percent American. How do racial and ethnic minorities fit into the American looseness? And life is an adventure. If youre violating the social order, youre going to be punished.. Fortune, by the Hitchhikers; the rest of the music this week was composed byLuis Guerra. This does not mean that no one in a loose culture, like the U.S., is stigmatized or mistreated. If you wanted to reduce this to a slogan of Americanism, it might be something like: I am me, deal with it. This fits quite snugly with the fact that the U.S. has been found to be the most individualistic culture in the world. Still, Gelfands horizons were suddenly expanded; and her curiosity was triggered. You could argue that treating your own children as if theyre special may make it harder to care as much about other peoples children. GADSBY: Have you ever noticed how Americans are not stupid? And so often, theyll just point at some other country on the map. Freaknomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything is the book for readers who run screaming at the thought of cracking open a book with the word "economics" in the title. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; were also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on uncertainty avoidance, if that makes you feel better). And if you get crumbs in your pajamas, theyll make you itch. GELFAND: But when people were wearing those really weird nose rings or those facial warts, they got far more help in loose cultures. China, Japan, and Turkey are also tight. He grew up in England. The future could be bright. Sinopsis. DUBNER: So does all the data come from workplace interviews essentially of white-collar and pink-collar workers, or does it go broader than that? So, culture is about values, beliefs, absorbed ideas and behaviors. Like, you can buy them on the internet. The United States, you may not be surprised to learn, is on the loose end of the spectrum although not in the top five. The fifth dimension in the Hofstede universe came in the early 1980s, in collaboration with a Canadian social psychologist named Michael Bond, who was working in Hong Kong. Factor analysis being a way to distill a large number of variables into an index, essentially a ranking. Wed rather think about solutions temporarily rather than as, this might take some time. It means that we need to attract different types of people to an organization. The best thing you can become is yourself. If . We look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why we couldnt change them even if we wanted to. GELFAND: Were fiercely interdisciplinary. They determine the boundary conditions before which we become angry or flattered or whatever. And how does this extraordinarily high level of individualism versus collectivism play out? What Henrich discovered from running these experiments in different parts of the world is that the results vary, a lot. Paperback - April 22, 2020. Henrich is saying that the export of American ideas isnt necessarily easier. Nobody can feel insulted. I mean, youve got your quota, as have we all, but youre not. During the Cold War. Those are the things you cant necessarily plan and account for in building models of how you expect people to react in different situations. This is the flip side of the idea we started out with in this episode that is, why its hard for the U.S. to simply import successful policies from elsewhere. But a lot of the world is much more like a family. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Ep. The sixth dimension is called indulgence vs. restraint.. A. For example, we asked bank managers some years ago to look through scenarios of people violating organizational rules, like coming to work late, staying on the phone too long, maybe checking their email. But for folks who are pushed out of the mainstream you know, Black folks have rarely had the luxury of thinking about just simply being themselves. And for me, its hard to divorce the toxicity of the grind from the toxicity of masculinity, when you always have to dominate. GELFAND: Places in the South have tended to have more natural disasters. There is no evidence for convergence other than if countries become equally rich, they all go to more individualistic. You may decide to go another way, but that doesnt make the river change. In Germany, for instance, labor unions often have a representative on company boards, which can radically change the dynamic between companies and employees. GELFAND: And there was discussion in the cross-cultural psychology community about how James Bakers unemotionalcommunication style was received as This is not so serious, in terms of Tariq Azizs understanding of Americans intentions. Freakonomics is a groundbreaking collaboration between Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, an award-winning author and journalist. She decided that the key difference, the right place to start measuring, was whether the culture in a given country is tight or loose. Innovation requires coming up with a lot of ideas. The other point is a reminder: Its good to be humble about our ability our inability, actually to predict how a given culture will change. Theres some D.N.A. Europe has very strong gradients between very individualistic Nordic and Anglo and Germanic countries; Germanic is a little bit more collectivistic. And you speak fast because I dont want to waste a lot of time talking. In a large power-distant society, you have autocracy. HOFSTEDE: Which doesnt mean egoism, but it could go that way. Based on the bestselling book of the same name, FREAKONOMICS attempts to break down dense economic theories and data into digestible bits. Part of it is that when you live in a world that has carpented environments like right angles, where we live in houses in the States makes us focus on those right angles. Comprising four main documentary segments, each made by a different director -- including Super Size Me's Morgan Spurlock, Taxi to the Dark Side's Alex Gibney, Why We Fight's Eugene Jarecki, and Jesus Camp's Heidi Ewing and Rachel Grady-- the film examines . I must be American. This is part of the history that made the U.S. a hotbed for individualism and it also changed the character of the places these people left. Well call it The U.S. Is Very Different from Other Countries So Lets Stop Pretending Its Not. Its the first in a series of episodes where well look at different pieces of that difference. I dont like to itch, Bert. Words: 777. The second one measures whats called power distance. (Dont worry, well explain the name later.) NEAL: So its always evolving, its always developing, but theres some core principles. It is still the case that you did have the summer of love. The downsides of looseness are less coordination, less self-control; more crime and quality-of-life problems. The fourth original dimension was called uncertainty avoidance. This has to do with how comfortable people are with ambiguity. And they pass another fish, who says, Hey, boys, hows the water? And theyre like, What the heck is water?. SuperFreakonomics was the follow-up in 2009. BROADCASTER: The subject denies the evidence of his own eyes and yields to group influence. Youre culturally confident. Theres not going to be violent crime. So if you only want to talk about American psychology, youre fine. And heres one of the people who created the WEIRD designation. The U.S. is just different from other places in a variety of ways that we often dont stop to think about. DUBNER: So I have to say, Gert Jan, youve made me feel kind of terrible about being American today. For some Americans, at least, working hard is a badge of honor. FREAKONOMICS is the highly anticipated film version of the phenomenally bestselling book about incentives-based thinking by Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner.. DUBNER: What problem was he, and later you, trying to solve by doing this work? Its trying to include all the stuff that we acquire as a consequence of growing up in different environments, and contrast that with things like our sex drive, which doesnt seem to be acquired by observing others. Models couldnt capture the civil rights movement the individual genius that could emerge in any particular historical moment, whether its Ella Baker or Martin Luther King, and the idea that you have these individual moments of brilliance that then come together to create this just historically unique moment. How much should we attribute that success to these very same factors that create chaos on other dimensions? DUBNER: These are the two lines that are the same. GELFAND: This has always been the big question, the myth that with the internet and globalization were going to become more similar. She did want to measure culture, and how it differs from place to place. HENRICH: This probably wouldnt be in a psych textbook, but something like the Ultimatum game. Get personalized recommendations, and learn where to watch across hundreds of streaming providers. But even a loose country will tighten up when a threat arises. On many Freakonomics Radio episodes, well hear about some idea or policy that works well elsewhere in the world but hasnt taken root in the U.S. Why the business school? That level of religiosity is very high for a wealthy country. Gert Jan Hofstede - Freakonomics. DUBNER: When I look at the loosest country in the data, I see Ukraine. But when you use data to measure the specific dimensions of a given culture, and compare them to other countries, you see some stark differences. The U.S. also has a small power distance 40 on a scale of 100, which puts it among the lowest in the world. The New Yorker's Malcolm . Freakonomics Quotes. We presume male public voice. It's an unnatural activity that has become normal. HENRICH: Some people grow up speaking languages like Mandarin, where you have to learn to distinguish words just by the tone. And thats going to cultivate certain tonal abilities, which could feed into certain kinds of music, and things like that. He considered a rate between 80 and 90 percent . This paper focuses on the construction of racial identity online through the mediating influences of popular culture, old media, weblogs, and Internet users. So you see these eye movements that are very different. We visit the world's busiest airport to see how it all comes together. So he left I.B.M. Anyway, in this episode of No Stupid Questions, we'll be talking about how our surroundings can make us smarter and maybe happier too. And Im particularly interested in how its shaped our psychology. Thats the cross-cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand. As Hofstede the Younger remembers it, his father asked his bosses at I.B.M. Where would you think the U.S. ranks among all the countries measured on this dimension? Tightness may create compliance; but looseness can drive innovation and creativity. In each chapter, the authors analyze a different social issue from an economic perspective. They are descended from people who came here of their own free will and in order to execute their own free will. HENRICH: So places like New York and London, people are blazing down the sidewalks. Freakonomics is a collaboration of authors Steven Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, journalists and winners of numerous awards. And some advice from our new Dutch friend. We owe much of our freedom to that influence. And this paper was basically sitting in the shelves of libraries for many years. HOFSTEDE: And his special methodological trick was not to do what is now called a pan-cultural analysis across all the respondents, but first to lump them into groups. One of the most important figures in economic individualism is the famous Scottish economist, Adam Smith. In the meantime, take care of yourself and, if you can, someone else too. SFU users should ignore all messages requesting Computing ID and/or password information, no matter how authentic they may appear. Just like good science, good . Hofstede analyzed these data at what he called the ecological level. He explained this approach in a paper called Flowers, Bouquets, and Gardens the idea being that an individual flower is a subset of a mixed bouquet, which in turn is a subset of an entire garden, which has even more variation. DUBNER: Where is the loosest place in America? Which is probably why we dont hear all that much about the science of culture. Season 10, Episode 49. Thats what the Ultimatum experiments set out to find. In a multitude of ways, large and small. This suggests that looseness and tightness can co-exist. So the picture that emerges from these findings is that Americans are less likely to conform in the name of social harmony; and we also treasure being consistent, expressing our true selves, regardless of the context. GELFAND: I was planning to become a cross-cultural trainer to work at the State Department and train people to understand culture. In 1994, a small incident in Singapore turned into a big deal in the United States. Hannah GADSBY: Have you ever noticed how Americans are not stupid? Its focus on individual behaviour also lends itself to a preoccupation with manipulating individual choices. And he tried all kinds of categories and groups. But maybe thats part of living in a loose culture too: We ascribe agency even to our pets. My uncles like, Hey, I have something to show you. My first day in America, he showed me the Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade. This suggests that every time a social scientist runs an experiment whose research subjects are WEIRD thats capital-letter WEIRD the results of that experiment may be meaningful in the U.S. and some other places, but quite likely not in others. We see them as individuals with whom we are in competition. Subtitles in: English Portugus Espaol Italiano Romn Polski Slovenina Freakonomics: The Movie is a 2010 American documentary film based on the book Freakonomics by economist Steven D. Levitt and writer Stephen J. Dubner. DUBNER: I find that people who dont load dishwashers carefully are usually pretty loose with the planning. Allen Lane 20, pp304. HOFSTEDE: In the U.S.A., there is little constraining. Downloads: 18. And what does he have to say about American culture? BERT: Ernie Ernie, dont eat those cookies while youre in your bed, huh? NEAL: I often think about how the U.S. has historically thought about freedom and how, say, the Soviet bloc had talked about freedom. Theres far less stigmatization of people in terms of their race, their religion. They can freely float about. Today, an overview of the cultural differences. And so individualism, trust in others, leads to more rapid innovation. 470. HENRICH: We dont like people telling us what to do. Culturally maybe more than anything! HOFSTEDE: But it turned out that lumping them by nationality was the best thing to do. We just need to do it. And other cultures are more loose. Hes horrified by my dishwasher-loading behavior. NEAL: I think its helpful to think about culture in terms of a big C and a little c, the little c being those everyday things that we sometimes dont elevate to a level of culture. Well go through the other five dimensions, much faster, I promise. GELFAND: Like during 9/11, during World Wars, we see increases in tightness. Although the concept of an individual may seem straightforward, there are many ways of understanding it, both in theory and in practice. So, say its $100, and the first player can offer a portion of the $100 to a second player. Michele Gelfand has another example of how culture shapes perception. That was our hypothesis, at least. You might think that these relatively minor differences dont add up to much. Because for all the so-called globalization of the past half-century or so, the U.S. still differs from other countries in many ways. Henrichs next example is more behavioral than physiological. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). Ultimatum Game Bargaining Among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon, U.S. Student Tells of Pain Of His Caning In Singapore, Singapores Relations With U.S. Our theme song is Mr. BERT: Because: you get crumbs in the sheets, thats why. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism av Freakonomics Radio direkt i din mobil, surfplatta eller webblsare - utan app. Find ratings and reviews for the newest movie and TV shows. It means I did it my way.. You look at parents and how they treat their kids art. HOFSTEDE: If you are, lets say, a toddler, what do you get to decide for yourself? My husband is an attorney. Now that weve taken a top-down view of how the U.S. is fundamentally different from other countries, were going to spend some time over the coming weeks looking at particular economic and social differences, having to do with policing, child poverty, infrastructure, and the economy itself. And they often dont even realize theyre being acted upon. In other words, Americans dont just see other people as individuals. Theyre what we call tight cultures. GELFAND: Well, we can look back to Herodotus. Once he saw that differences were driven by nationality, Hofstede sensed he was on to something big. You may decide to go another way, but that doesnt make the river change. GELFAND: Sometimes people actually revert back into their cultural chambers. HENRICH: I was doing research in the Peruvian Amazon. At the time, opinion surveys were relatively new; it was especially unusual for a company to survey its own employees. President Bush had framed these negotiations as going an extra mile for peace.. We need to have different types of leadership. HOFSTEDE: In the U.S.A., the boss needs to be a team player. GELFAND: In societies that are tighter, people are willing to call out rule violators. This is really a conversation that pleases me a lot. He was a professor in both the economics and psychology departments, which was weird in its own way lower-case weird since Henrich had never taken a course in either subject. All rights reserved. Categories like age, gender, job type, job seniority, and so on. HENRICH: So, Francisco is a good pal of mine and hes also a very charming fellow. 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