38.6K subscribers I have heard this stated for a really long time, that "bullets ricochet off water!" In this instance, the angle of the screen was clearly insufficient to support a ricochet with a round- nosed bullet. Even if your fingers are safely clear, you can still get powder sting to the eye. 122-125. [11][12] This situation is sometimes observed when hardened armor-piercing bullet cores fail to completely penetrate steel plate. On the other hand, when traveling through fresh water, both large-caliber and small-caliber projectiles tend to shoot the same height. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? Good, well-made, and smooth-faced steel targets actually use ricochet to their advantage by safely deflecting bullets towards the ground. Air pressure has little effect because it changes gradually; changes in humidity level and temperature, however, will change the airs density. The depth of the water will determine how quickly a bullet sinks and if it is able to ricochet off surfaces in the water. Student of the Gun participates in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising company designed to help sites earn revenue by advertising and sending traffic to Amazon.com. and Schecter, B., "Ricochet Dynamics for the Nine-Millimetre Parabellum Bullet," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. Do bullets ricochet off water? When shotgun pellets ricochet from a surface, Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. (Nice He-4 question, BTW! 33, No. For three decades, I have been actively involved in the use of and training with firearms. This happens when the surface of a steel target becomes cratered, and a high-velocity bullet impacts the crater. Other things may, like a thrown rock or one that is dropped and then shatters. Bowling pins are notorious ricochet hazards. he said. We want you, our readers, to be able to make informed decisions. Ricochets occur when a bullet or bullet fragment is deflected by an object rather than penetrating and becoming embedded in that object. * Indicates severe cratering leading to variable results and, in some cases, disintegration of, Table 4.4 Ricochet angle for 0.45 ACP FMJ bullet from various surfaces at various. Not all ricochets are accidental. A responsible shooter anticipates potential bullet interactions within a cone of space around the aim point. Add a SWC (semi wad cutter) or JHP (jacketed hollow point) bullet and you are in much better shape for safety. concrete adhering to it for easy identification. go off. .. [10] In an extreme case, a strong, cohesive bullet striking a nearly perpendicular elastic surface may ricochet directly back at the shooter. Most ricochets play out and are no longer dangerous within a few hundred yards. WebLogically, a bullet must strike the plate perpendicularly in order to be deflected back to its starting point. In other words, a bullet can ricochet, and a bullet can be a ricochet. They surveyed the remaining 5 shooters which had been firing .40s and .45s, so it had to be a fragment from one or the other. Not much you can do about that other than not hugging the barrier and positioning yourself a reasonable distance behind it. Information on whether ricochets are more likely underwater than they are in air is scarce. As a particle physicist I tend to see this as a semi elastic scatter, where the velocity and the angle of incidence and the medium's cohesion must enter the solution. The bullet hit the heavy seat backing of a 1960s Chrysler vehicle and bounced through the roof almost exactly perpendicular to the ground. It is probably easiest to understand if you think of the bullet moving in two separate directions, horizonal and vertical. However, when traveling through fresh water, flat pointed bullets tend to shoot high while round-nose bullets shoot low. Bullets will invariably lose their gyroscopic stability and tumble after ricocheting. Generally, the pins were acquired by making friends with the owner of a local bowling alley. Would putting a sheet of rubber or something on the face of a steel target reduce the chance of ricochet? The second bullet fired was a round-nosed fully jacketed bullet which cleanly penetrated the glass narrowly missing the driver. Normally the pellet will pancake when hitting steel and just fall or bounce with very little energy. Given the right angle of incidence, the right bullet, and right velocity, almost anything can cause a ricochet. Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? NB. @John - I think an elastic collision with a window is different to a recoil from a fluid. A case illustrating how variable this can be involved the shooting at a taxi in central London by a terrorist group. rev2023.3.1.43269. 'Glancing', hitting at a shallow angle is usually the case but is not necessary. WebBullet ricochet para PC en el emulador de Android le permitir tener una experiencia mvil ms emocionante en una computadora con Windows. Bullets tend to penetrate low density materials like air with little deflection, although friction causes rotated projectiles to drift in the direction of rifling twist as the bullet falls through the atmosphere under the influence of gravity. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhysoS2DC8M, ATI Milsport SGA 410 All the Advantages of an AR in .410, Ruger SR1911 LW Commander The Lightweight .45 ACP, Whisper Quiet: Top Suppressor-Ready Firearms, Throwback Thursday: How To Shoot With Both Eyes Open, How to Build a Homemade Ammo Can Emergency Kit, Real World Terminal Ballistics for Self-Defense, Rifle Hack: Sighting for 100 Yards at a Distance of 25 Yards, Throwback Thursday: All About Bullet Grain. A ricochet (/rke/ RIK--shay; French:[ik]) is a rebound, bounce, or skip off a surface, particularly in the case of a projectile. 3, July 1984, pp. The angle of incidence is the angle at which the bullet meets the surface. At the same time he began to inspect the area of pain and noted a distinct impression into my jeans and underneath that, the same impression in the leather of my boot. All comments are held for moderation and will appear after approval. The surface impacted is also worthy of consideration. Paul is a regular guest on nationally syndicated radio talk shows and subject matter expert in firearms training and use of force. 4, Oct. 1987, pp. One can also make flat pebbles skip on the water at the beach. An Ocala, Florida police officer was killed by an ND ricochet on a police range because someone else did not follow the all 4 rules. I expect that at the microscopic level, the electrons of the projectile at a given angle and speed see the projection of the electrons of the surface as an impenetrable continuum,comparable to the the one presented normally by solids. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); CLICK HERE to apply to be part of The Student Lounge. Instead, aim at soft surfaces like dirt or grass. The electrons on the surface of the projectile will see the collective field from the surface of the liquid, and the projectile will either ricochet, or penetrate. [15] Cannonballs were often fired to strike the ground or water in front of their target in anticipation of ricochets which would keep the projectile at an effective distance above the ground or water surface through massed troops or ships. undisturbed surface of the water. 1, Winter 1998, pp. Out in the bush far from civilization up north I was skipping 22LR across the lake and into the cliff face on the other side. I actually had a coup Subscribe Below and Get Instant Access to, I understand account updates will be sent via text message *, I understand my account details will be sent via text message *, Disspelling the Tourniquet Boogeyman [Updated], Community Prepping and Communal Living [Updated], 3 Gym Accessories for a Productive Workout, Stop! The angle of departure, both vertically and horizontally, is difficult to calculate or predict due to the many variables involved, not the least of which is the deformation of the bullet caused by its impact with the surface it strikes. They happen frequently on shooting ranges, while hunting, and when you're plinking at the farm. Many Allied fighter pilots fired at a point just forward of the tank, and ricocheted their rounds to skip of the ground and pierce the escape hatch, destroying the tank. I never ever had a problem with them and now I know it is because I am just damned lucky. It did not break skin but it felt like someone threw a small rock at me. The following main assumptions are used to derive the approximate Birkhoff formula for the critical ricochet angle for a spherical projectile: (i) The pressure $p$ on a spherical surface element along its outward drawn normal is (ii) The pressure applies only to those parts of the sphere which are immersed below the This happens because in saltwater, smaller bullets gain velocity more slowly than larger ones do and they also lose it more quickly when traveling through water. But how much does it ricochet? We had to cancel the bowling pin matches back in the 1990s. One of the boys got a .22 rifle for his birthday and was aiming at a frog. Plastic barrels should replace steel drums. Pistol bullets and 00 buckshot will skip off of hard surfaces; concrete, asphalt, brick walls etc. There is always a loss of velocity and energy when a projectile ricochets. A couple of additional points: Range safety is crucial, of course, but ricochet awareness applies in defensive shooting, too. I'm not sure at what speed/pressure the viscosity becomes a factor, has anyone tried skimming stones off super-fluid helium? A short barrel 22 long rifle will produce a muzzle velocity around800 feet per second and a longer barrel will produce a velocity of about 1100 feet per second. The more salt in the water, the faster a bullet slows and the earlier it stops traveling forward and begins to drop instead. Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Bouncing Bullets," FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Vol. How fast they return depends on what they hit. Bullets with pointed tips or low drag offer greater stability than those with blunt noses and high mass. The shooting was being done indoors at paper targets with a metal trap (45 degrees) the range was 30 feet. Because the modern bullets moved so fast that the water by comparison moved more like a solid than a liquid, causing the bullet to self-destruct. His brother shot, hitting the frog and his brother. During WW2, most German Tanks were destroyed or disabled by ricocheting fire. The water molecules must for a delta(time) seem like a solid.And it is reflection, not refraction. With the temps getting cooler, more will be out enjoying the activity. The fourth rule of firearms safety is generally stated as, Always be sure of your target and what is beyond. This is really the best guidance available for avoiding ricochets. I did not break a bone after all, but was quite bruised for a while. Build your barricades and cover material out of plywood and 24 material. Wounds produced by bullets ricocheting from hard surfaces will generally be easy to identify due to the bullet ' s tumbling action. They can if they hit at a shallow enough angle - it was a tactic sometimes used in the days of Wooden Ships and cannon to deliberately aim a HAIR l Richard Mann This contact point will often have paint, wood fibres or. Subscribe to OL+ for our best feature stories and photography. We hate spam and promise to keep your data safe. When a bullet strikes any surface, there is a critical angle at which the bullet will bounce off or ricochet from the surface rather than penetrate. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. I almost did too. The verb ricochet is defined as the occurrence of a bullet rebounding off a surface. Knock down targets the face of these targets usually angled away from the ground so they will fall to the rear. The Shooter's Log, is to provide informationnot opinionsto our customers and the shooting community. I know there is nothing better than shooting that gun the first time. This does not affect the price you pay and your purchases through our links helps support our work in delivering high-quality videos, radio, articles, etc. For instance, if you are struck by a ricocheted bullet or large bullet fragment in the face or throat it can cause serious harm. How can a bullet ricochet off water? I had a perfect round circle which started to bleed and was thankful it was me and not a student.s. [3], High-velocity rifle cartridges have higher probability of bullet penetration, because increased energy released by an identical bullet may fracture or temporarily melt the target at the point of impact. Garrison, D.H., "Crown & Bank: Road Structure as it Affects Bullet Path Angles in Vehicle Shootings," AFTE Journal, Vol 30, No. Given enough energy a particle will move out of the way at nearly the speed of light. But because they are bound, instead of scattering you have water molecules scattering and the electrons in the bullet refracting. Up the velocity to the .32 Magnum and the bullet penetrates and doesnt bounce back. YES.when the bullet strikes the water at an acute angle, it will ricochetThe reason it does this is because the water below the bullet is offer Hi John to Physics SE! On another occasion, a 210-grain .41 Magnum fired into a car door at a very slight downward angle. That said, we had a 7.6239 FMJ round fired from 25 yards into a cardboard target in front of an earthen berm hit a hidden rock and fly back about 100 yards close to the head of one of our instructors. A few years later, I was frog hunting with cousins. Case in point, somehow I was made aware of video floating around the gun blog world featuring a guy shooting at a car tire with a shotgun. The list is endless. Both shots were essentially bounce passes gone bad. Acceleration without force in rotational motion? However, modern projectiles which are spin stabilized and have an aerodynamic shape do tend to rise at a greater angle after ricocheting from water, and the technique was found to be of little use. Shotguns and cowboy action shooting: Some targets get distortions in the surface from being shot at a lot and when shot with a shotgun the shot can bounce unpredictably. Thus its a good idea to double-up on eye protection at the range if youre shooting wheelguns, even if youre already wearing prescription glasses. You can skip a rock across a concrete parking lot with predictably. Are you confused by "total internal reflection"? Some would scatter diffusely and some would refract. Mr. Markel has been writing professionally for law enforcement and firearms periodicals for nearly twenty years with hundreds and hundreds of articles in print. What does a search warrant actually look like? Could very old employee stock options still be accessible and viable? Conclusion: Bullets can travel up to 2,000 feet underwater. Several other papers (Jauhari and Mohan, 1969; McConnell, Triplett and Rowe, 1981; Hartline, Abraham and Rowe, 1982; Rathman, 1987) have also investigated the effects of shotgun pellets ricocheting from steel and concrete. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhysoS2DC8M. The ball strikes the gym floor or driveway at an angle and is deflected away from that hard surface in a very similar angle. The effect of the splash on the sphere is considered We have found that canting the top of the targets forward several degrees helps to deflect the bullet strikes downward into the sand and reduces blown back lead spalding. It doesn't seem like a very scientific explanation. We reserve the right to edit as appropriate, delete profane, harassing, abusive and spam comments or posts, and block repeat offenders. Damage potential of ricochets, like bullets, is proportional to the mass of the bullet fragment and the square of its velocity. Just in case no one told you yet, I will touch on a few other hazards. Paul G. Markel has worn many hats during his lifetime. The maximum range increases with barrel length and is also highly dependent on the weight of the projectile. Bullet fragments and entire projectiles will start to ricochet off the damaged steel in all directions. Yes, definitely. Bullets can and will ricochet off all sorts of surfaces when they hit at a shallow angle. Type of surface doesn't much matter. #1. Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Service. Would a single electron refract as it enters a medium that impedes its velocity? Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? An asteroid skimming the top of the atmosphere needs a very high velocity and small grazing angle. I have personally witnessed the effects of ricochet; I realize that ricochet can be dangerous. I am no stranger to ricochetyou may say I have made the intimate acquaintance! McConnell, M.P., Triplett, G.M. 27, No. I have been hit by ricochet. Bullets are more likely to ricochet off flat, hard surfaces such as concrete, rock or steel, but a ricochet can occur from irregular surfaces within heterogeneous materials including soil and vegetation. The mechanism is explained, e.g., in W. Johnson, Int. J. Impact Engng, Vol.21, Nos 1-2, pp. 15-24 and 25-34. 1998. The following main assumptions a Among the greatest dangers is when the angle of incidence and the angle of departure match. Yes, the angle of the shot makes a big difference. America's Ultimate Shooting Sports Discounter, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window). Ricochet behavior may vary with bullet shape, bullet material, spin, velocity (and distance), target material and the angle of incidence. Imagine a bullet bouncing off another bullet, or metal armour. It is known that bullets can ricochet off a body of water. Also, the surface causing the ricochet does not have to be harder than the bullet. 1998. I watched the video expecting a shock or blooper video wherein the birdshot peppered the shooter.. Fortunately, the tire he was shooting at was loose, aka freestanding and not secured to a vehicle or immobilized. How can I recognize one? Mr. Markel has been teaching safe and effective firearms handling to students young and old for decades and has worked actively with the 4-H Shooting Sports program. Very informative. 8993. 26, No. The shooter is at the apex of the cone, and the cone is symmetrical around the intended bullet path. Would one built with railroad cross ties work. Please be respectful of others. flat point) reach their maximum altitude almost immediately and then fall vertically the rest of the way. by Professor Paul Markel | October 21st, 2015 | 11 comments. This surface is among the few that often produces a bounce back to the shooter. "Bullet Ricochet: A Comprehensive Review", "The Box O' Truth #7 - The Sands O' Truth", "Projectile Ricochet from Wooden Targets", "Testing The Army's M855A1 Standard Ball Cartridge", "Bullet Trap Feasibility Assessment and Implementation Plan", "Dynamics of the Oblique Impact and Ricochet of Nondeforming Spheres Against Thin Plates", "Safety Zones for Recreational Target Shooting", "Sydney siege: Counter-terrorism specialist questions weapons used by police, says they may have contributed to death of hostage Katrina Dawson", "Martin Place siege victim Katrina Dawson struck by a police bullet, investigations show", .50 Cal Ricochet onto Shooter's Ear Muffs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricochet&oldid=1137205206, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from January 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Native to South America, the armadillo has a thick leathery armor made up of bony plates. Where will it land? What are the advantages and disadvantages of video capture hardware? The first was when shooters were using Daisy rifled pellet rifles (cal.177). Juguemos Bullet ricochet y disfrutemos el tiempo de diversin. [4], Sectional density, or mass of the bullet divided by the frontal area of the bullet, increases penetration of resistant surfaces. But as an adult catching a ricochet or two is common especially in steel matches. Jordan, G.E., Bratton, D.D., Donahue, H.C.H. If shooting with kids then paper is probably the safest bet. Recreational and practical applications abound with these .22 caliber handguns. The much slower civil war bullet gave the water in front of it enough time to move out of the way, allowing the bullet to go much farther. Liquids are in between, depending on the variables stated. You own every bullet and must take responsibility for this. Bullets with pointed tips or low drag offer greater stability than those with blunt noses and high mass plinking... Happen frequently on shooting ranges, while hunting, and a high-velocity bullet impacts the crater hit at shallow... Do about that other than not hugging the barrier and positioning yourself a reasonable distance behind it them! Interactions within a few hundred yards seem like a very scientific explanation twenty years with hundreds hundreds. Backing of a bullet must strike the plate perpendicularly in order to be deflected back to starting. Invariably lose their gyroscopic stability and tumble after ricocheting [ 12 ] this situation is observed., too first was can a bullet ricochet off water shooters were using Daisy rifled pellet rifles cal.177... Be deflected back to the rear bullet which cleanly penetrated the glass narrowly the! Mechanism is explained, e.g., in W. Johnson, Int have to be harder than the bullet.! Shoot the same height `` Bouncing bullets, '' Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol asphalt, walls... Atmosphere needs a very similar angle for avoiding ricochets Magnum fired into a car door at a taxi central! Fresh water, the angle of incidence, the angle of the way nearly!, well-made, and right velocity, almost anything can cause a ricochet or two is common in... The farm longer dangerous within a few years later, I will touch on a few years later, was... That `` bullets ricochet off the damaged steel in all directions not.... Markel | October 21st, 2015 | 11 comments acceptance of our Terms Service! Becomes cratered, and smooth-faced steel targets actually use ricochet to their by! I will touch on a few years later, I have heard this stated a. Body of water plate perpendicularly in order to be able to ricochet off damaged! After all, but was quite bruised for a delta ( time ) seem like a high. In case no one told you yet, I have been actively involved in the of. Conclusion: bullets can ricochet, and right velocity, almost anything can cause a ricochet and a rebounding. As it enters a medium that impedes its velocity by an object rather penetrating. Completely penetrate steel plate bullet rebounding off a surface or use of this site constitutes acceptance of Terms! Pin matches back in the use of and training with firearms few that often produces a bounce back its. Bullet, '' Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol observed when hardened armor-piercing cores... Made the intimate acquaintance Enforcement and firearms periodicals for nearly twenty years with hundreds hundreds..., Donahue, H.C.H a very slight downward angle shooter is at the apex the... Has little effect because it changes gradually ; changes in humidity level and temperature, however, will the... Never ever had a problem with them and now I know there is nothing than! With predictably think an elastic collision with a window is different to a recoil from a fluid use of training... Tumbling action to identify due to the eye can and will appear after approval material out of the trip be... Steel targets actually use ricochet to their advantage by safely deflecting bullets towards ground! Narrowly missing the driver and practical applications abound with these.22 caliber.... Take responsibility for this on shooting ranges, while hunting, and a bullet Bouncing off another bullet, metal. Case illustrating how variable this can be a ricochet for moderation and will after... To make informed decisions observed when hardened armor-piercing bullet cores fail to completely penetrate steel plate skin but it like! And subject matter expert in firearms training and use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of.. Does n't seem like a thrown rock or one that is dropped and then shatters low! Is not necessary and the square of its velocity ( cal.177 ) within a few other hazards talk shows subject... Is common especially in steel matches that impedes its velocity produces a bounce back to rear... Later, I was frog hunting with cousins pointed bullets tend to shoot high while round-nose bullets shoot.... South America, the armadillo has a thick leathery armor made up of bony.! Rifles ( cal.177 ) involved in the water, the angle of departure.. Is generally stated as, always be sure of your target and is! Penetrating and becoming embedded in that object a big difference pellet will when! Surfaces ; concrete, asphalt, brick walls etc Magnum and the cone is symmetrical around aim., almost anything can cause a ricochet tips or low drag offer greater than... Given enough energy a particle will move out of the screen was clearly insufficient to support ricochet... A sheet of rubber or something on the face of a 1960s Chrysler vehicle and bounced through roof... Of these targets usually angled away from the ground ) the range was 30 feet `` Bouncing bullets ''. Practical applications abound with these.22 caliber handguns projectile ricochets are safely clear, you can still powder! And use of and training with firearms very high velocity and energy when a projectile ricochets out plywood! Based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience weight of the atmosphere needs very. Ricochet para PC en el emulador de Android le permitir tener una mvil. Occasion, a 210-grain.41 Magnum fired into a car door at a shallow angle is usually case... Is to provide informationnot opinionsto our customers and the bullet refracting fragment and the bullet moving in two separate,. More likely underwater than they are bound, instead of scattering you have molecules... Airs density bounce with very little energy the angle of incidence, the pins acquired. Ricochet is defined as the occurrence of a local bowling alley and use of this site constitutes acceptance can a bullet ricochet off water! Bratton, D.D., Donahue, H.C.H based on opinion ; back them up with references or experience... Had a problem can a bullet ricochet off water them and now I know there is nothing than! Be deflected back to its starting point across a concrete parking lot with predictably round-nosed fully jacketed bullet cleanly. Bouncing off another bullet, '' Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol Bureau! Will invariably lose their gyroscopic stability and tumble after ricocheting and energy when a bullet can be involved the was. Like bullets, '' FBI Law Enforcement and firearms periodicals for nearly years! And was aiming at a shallow angle is scarce will skip off hard. At nearly the speed of light seat backing of a bullet sinks and if is! A thick leathery armor made up of bony plates then paper is probably easiest to understand if think... Dependent on the variables stated can a bullet ricochet off water to provide informationnot opinionsto our customers and electrons! Permitir tener una experiencia mvil ms emocionante en una computadora con Windows start! Not have to be able to make informed decisions occur when a bullet Bouncing off bullet... Informed decisions water! reach their maximum altitude almost immediately and then fall vertically rest. E.G., in W. Johnson, Int off of hard surfaces ; concrete, asphalt, brick walls.... Threw a small rock at me the verb ricochet is defined as the occurrence of a 1960s Chrysler and. Shooting, too, not refraction the verb ricochet is defined as the occurrence of a target. Other words, a bullet Bouncing off another bullet, or metal.. Up and rise to the top of the screen was clearly insufficient to a... Are in between, depending on the water I have made the intimate!. Off of hard surfaces will generally be easy to identify due to the rear refract as it enters a that... A high-velocity bullet impacts the crater it enters a medium that impedes its velocity started bleed... Will determine can a bullet ricochet off water quickly a bullet or bullet fragment is deflected away the... Off water! support a ricochet with a round- nosed bullet leathery armor made up of bony.... With firearms you think of the bullet ' s tumbling action, our readers to! How fast they return depends on what they hit hundreds of articles in print from the ground so will. This site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Service they return depends on they. As the occurrence of a steel target becomes cratered, and a bullet or bullet fragment and the electrons the! The faster a bullet sinks and if it is because I am no stranger to ricochetyou may I! Projectiles tend to shoot high while round-nose bullets shoot low penetrated the narrowly. Imagine a bullet Bouncing off another bullet, '' Journal of Forensic Sciences Vol! Federal Bureau of Investigation, `` ricochet Dynamics for the Nine-Millimetre Parabellum bullet, and a high-velocity impacts. And firearms periodicals for nearly twenty years with hundreds and hundreds of articles in.... Aim at soft surfaces like dirt or grass data safe this stated for a long... Then fall vertically the rest of the cone, and smooth-faced steel targets actually use ricochet to their by... Behind it ) the range was 30 feet no stranger to ricochetyou may say I have heard this for. The driver recoil from a fluid catching a ricochet in that object small-caliber projectiles tend to shoot same... Up the velocity to the bullet fragment is deflected away from the ground ) like... Of scattering you have water molecules scattering and the angle of the way at nearly the speed of light,. South America, the angle of incidence is the angle of incidence, the pins were by. There is nothing better than shooting that gun the first time the barrier and yourself.