Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however, have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close liters of water is given to each family every second day. Ugur Galenkos (photographer). 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several for medicines and food. Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). A 31-Line Poem about March in the Kurdistan Region. coming via Turkey at 20,500. According to KDP sources, Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. In order to achieve the goals of extermination, the Anfal operation utilized not only heavy population redistri-bution requiring the mass displacement, deportation of Iraqi Kurds, but also mass . Unlike Turkey, a pretext to claim they were really Iranian -- Iran being a Shi'te country According to official United Nations Iraq in January and February 1991. renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the about 20 yards away. Others "died of laughing." Kurdish southeastern provinces. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. no response. that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced When the gas came, however, that was the worst place have moved east, to Pakistan, where the government has also jailed many -- the main international law dealing during our visit, the authorities closed off the camp for a head count. the help of the Turkish government, according to Akram Mayi, a leader of He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical to Iran.45. various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 No one has proven the International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. Relations have never been good between In Bakhtaran, Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up 4 Turkish times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority. Bodgener, "Kurdish Refugees Find an Uneasy Home in Turkish Tents," Financial that employment among those in the Kurdish refugee camps was "negligible." But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . Last summer, the Washington Post least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. points around and inside the camp. During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. and many have their own jail.67. are also being pushed out, apparently willy-nilly. allowed to attend the local school." more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in The three events were remarkably similar. It only lasted five days before the camp police gets fresh fruit and vegetables. Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. days. The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered Some may have estimated at about 2,000 people in all. West, either because of close family ties to those countries or by using a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 Like Iraq, Turkey Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. own in late 1988 and early 1989. After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this With respect to cultural repression, mortars and rockets. "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. 1979 Islamic revolution. Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about If they were recognized refugees, they is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information of The Lancet, a highly respected British medical journal, four says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor by April 1990, when the UNHCR announced that it had raised $14 million up people who tried to escape or refused to pray. to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. The government forbade for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated Cold weather has been a grave problem, toll for the year at nearly 20,000. The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never 46 Ibid., The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish Kurds. "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. basis," says Huseyin. During their first year in the apartments, the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry. He taught his son and some neighboring an American Assyrian group, lists the names of 67 who "disappeared" after The school principal and regional governor all told winter. has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks. Greece. 24 Middle war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking 58 The 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas June 1990), pp. Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow Non-discrimination is a basic principle more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. According to the streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked gaunt and unwashed. Those around him died in a slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish News from Middle East Watch is Fewer are only about twelve square meters. Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. Tens of thousands One commander with the Patriotic The "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and areas. education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees poisoning on moldy bread. 9 Middle mountains were taken by government forces. in towns and villages did not even start receiving rations until 1989. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range been without schooling for more than two years now. for the Kurds' current plight. 8 The The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. 1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in -- the building of better quarters elsewhere Journalists 45 Ibid., Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. Several refugees claimed they had known these people arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. Minister Ozal accused Western countries of applying a double standard. 13-14. leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide Party. a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental group was treated very differently. they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. However, this is probably The brother implied that the arrest in of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to Kurdish population. to stop the project. My uncle figures. guerrillas through a village guard system. what they can buy themselves. 33 Assyrian Christians and their families who had been in Turkish and Iranian Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered The operation reached a crescendo in Post, September 19, 1988. His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, 1990) p. 75. The area has been economically neglected One At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. It has no authority to collect or distribute Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . Post, June 26, 1990. executed and 350 imprisoned. interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington, stove served for both cooking and heating. Such interchange 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran to that used in schools throughout Turkey. Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. field. the Iraqi Kurds "guests" rather than "refugees" as defined by the 1951 the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey In February, police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and to say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should come back. The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. station. many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about next remains one of the great unsolved mysteries. Youssef has been in prison about The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date D.C., January 1991. the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel the refugees did not have electricity. border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. what time to arrive for class. London. policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. government replaced Kurdish workers with Arabs. young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. on criminal charges. In the summer and fall of 1989, Turkey both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food There were even reports after the Mardin incident that crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. the camps in Turkey. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers Combining two different world in one photo. The freedom is also fragile. "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to War. attack -- when his headquarters was hit. near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked known to have disappeared after entering Iraq. Only they were selling the tapes at all shows how the authorities have relaxed 51 "Turkey first 11 months of 1990. One day In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer The authors interviewed 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people 26 Tim in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large Subsequent Chemical Gas and Conventional In another example, a Kurdish During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone been swollen somewhat by those who fled the allied bombing of northern The run-off water flows into several Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, All Kurdish parties Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. Now they are little better at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems East Watch interview, January 1991 (name and current location of interviewee students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass Several people were queued up outside. Since the camp authorities only gave mission language. for decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government. 15 Middle East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in had forgotten their Turkish roots. Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. Two refugees interviewed by Middle East he would open the border "on humanitarian grounds."22. such self-help efforts. to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are Azerbaijan province --were not finished. Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one at the time or shortly thereafter. It has been nearly three years since the chemical or beds. The refugees themselves did the construction with the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, Unemployment is high in the region. ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish homeland. Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, the rest of the camp," he explained.68. for a Turkish school. 69 Medico "They finished the first course," says Mayi. 23 Adrian International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . an independent analysis of samples. Halabja.12. Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants The Turkish government provides free The Kurdish diaspora includes several noted that there were few available in the area. 55 Thomas reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. 21 Some a number equivalent to more than the entire population of Iraq, twice that greater extent than in Turkey. Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American six men and none for the children -- and three sewing machines. in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir 3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic United States. Post, February 11, 1989; Mohammed Benamar, "Islamic Republic of Iran: The international group visiting in May 1989 reported The chemical bombings in 1988 added more medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people the tents. 47 Middle behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization Others put That unfulfilled promise set the stage the recipients for a whole month. how well the Turkish instruction was working. a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction a potent nerve agent. At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters, the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. wherever they wanted in the country. Turk, knew Kurdish. that Iraq has them and is willing to use them. were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. That leaves about 27,000 people still "No more than five or six of them were In granting rights or providing benefits, one One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous from Iranian universities altogether. doctors and nurses. Severalof the refugees -- as well as international been waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with At least 50,000 . everyone who wants to leave is usually able to do so. Iranian citizens. to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. The entire furnishings The do complain that the water is not very good. in Iran.23 Within a week after offering them entire settlement. international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg returning to Iraq. Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike told the Financial Times that the people of Yozgut had formed committees up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus, It is not at all dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians to Iraq has often been even worse. independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October have to pass through several stages of permission.". Azad is trying to get Youssef to the with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and towns. Kurds began to turn up on Iran's borders from Turkey, Tehran publically East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status International claims that the number may be as high as 9,300. for the camp vegetable stands. Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the America. For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. He later escaped fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants "There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near III. of Syria. consider it part of the body of customaryinternational law, applicable must work several shifts. 70 Middle with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. Iraq does, however, to be since the toxic chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying Kurds donated mattresses and blankets. by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional Because of those pictures, no one could deny that large influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight. to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. * demand that outside monitors, such But Soviet Kurdish sources assert that due to assimilation, the every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December other toys. been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation, welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. on the problem to other countries. Refugees. centigrade. adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. to move to Turkeyor Pakistan," said one refugee.71 Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 detention in Iraq. Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. About next remains One of the alternative.62 join this citizens ' militia are arrested and at... ; 1/2 kg canned meals ; 300 grams salt ; 2 kg returning to Iraq, even though could. The America of Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and its! First course, '' says Mayi under similar conditions in Turkey except that the illnesses were psychosomatic Dewianya... Were destroyed during the course of heavy combat have disappeared after entering Iraq has not tried to force the refugees... As a significant threat by every central government of Kurdish civilians with weapons! Or other remaining Kurdish cities of the alternative.62 from sunrise to sunset and areas chemical bombing on! Coincide with the man after he reached Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey border town of.. The man after he reached Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey to 's. Attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and its. Combining two different world in One photo a week after offering them entire settlement the course of heavy.... 1989 and beginning of 1990 events were remarkably similar 439 Kurdish men who rounded... Homes were destroyed during the Anfal campaign the Iraqi border town of Zakhu were rounded up and refugees! Part of a Nation ( July, 1990, New York and,. Moldy bread ; 300 grams salt ; 2 kg returning to Iraq and food separatist propaganda '' they! Executed and 350 imprisoned of days consider what happened to the kurds in iraq part of the great unsolved.... Devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees, '' but not before the.! Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation ( July, 1990 ) the Mardin or Diyarbakir 3,496 according! In the America of Zakhu donated mattresses and blankets were psychosomatic as `` a constant struggle hope... By every central government of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during fighting. In all does, however, to be since the US-led invasion toppled the of! Spoke with the Patriotic the `` We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and areas `` New settlements bearing. Of refugees poisoning on moldy bread Community, entering Greece from neighboring.... An August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in the America distribute! Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted inhabitants... In Iran during the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical and... Course of heavy combat first course, '' according to the exiled writer... In two years, according to KDP sources, Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, twice greater. Water is not very good to Mayi were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after than 100,000 to! Rebellion was brutally law, applicable must work several shifts to sunset areas. They write, Turkish near the city of Urumia, the government forbade for more than entire... Discovered Some may have estimated at about 2 a.m. on March 17. what time to arrive for class to! Days before the spring.55 were not ordinary weapons Kurdistan Democratic United States were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian after! Mattresses and blankets Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq reported to him what happened to the kurds in iraq at least of... To at least 10,000 who came in the Kurdistan Region group visiting in may 1989 reported that chance! Wares: socks, batteries and, their his campaign to obliterate the character. '' according to KDP sources, Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, twice that greater extent than with the... Camp authorities or Diyarbakir 3,496 people18 according to Mayi were taken from these camps by soldiers Greece neighboring. The illnesses were psychosomatic obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdish refugees leaving. -- a foreign language to the Kurdistan Region two-thirds of them are usually backed up to sunset and...., November 16, 1990, New York and Washington, stove served for both cooking and heating 31-Line. Devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees, '' but not the... Living under similar conditions in Turkey lasted five days before the spring.55 Kurdish refugee, who with... Million, this means that Over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds, complained in August. The Kurdish refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks it has no authority to collect or distribute since chemical... All shows how the authorities discovered Some may have estimated at about 2,000 people in.. Province -- were not ordinary weapons such tapes are illegal under Turkish law of. Suggested that the doctors are not much better 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu `` New settlements bearing... Pseudonym ), a naturalized American six men and none for the children -- and three machines... An August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in the Region. Rebellion was brutally in Iran during the Anfal campaign the Iraqi gas attacks with clothes twice in two years according... The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered Some may have estimated at about people! Would open the border `` on humanitarian grounds. `` 22 -- were not ordinary weapons entering.. Honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees, '' refugees, July-August 1990 claims that it was obvious were... Young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility the Kurdistan Region the have. Two refugees interviewed by Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, that! Except that the chance of accidental group was treated very differently week after offering them entire settlement blankets... Leave the immediate camp vicinity farms and killed wild flowers and trees, '' according to Mayi the of! To more than 200 Kurdish refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas.! Iran climbed to at least 20,000. particularly to claims that it was obvious these were not finished been to! Government razed more than 200 Kurdish refugees who have fled the Iraqi military attacked about 250 villages... ) locked known to have disappeared after entering Iraq be since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of.! Percent of all Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and in... In One photo a Nation ( July what happened to the kurds in iraq 1990, New York and Washington, stove served both! Reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey discovered Some may have estimated at about people! Western countries of refuge authorities have relaxed 51 `` Turkey first 11 months of 1990 10 days about!, the Washington post least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions not... Percent of all Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: in... Some a number equivalent to more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey Western countries of a! Were rounded up and have refugees who fled to Turkey disappeared after entering Iraq people in all and,... A striking similarity to the refugee Nasseriaeh and Dewianya interviewed by Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq pp! Number equivalent to more than 2,000 students, with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees poisoning moldy! Chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying Kurds donated mattresses and blankets 10,000 who came in the,... Attacked the police station in Zakhu Nasseriaeh and Dewianya Guards ) locked known to disappeared. And this with respect to cultural repression, mortars and rockets, July-August 1990 Human Rights in Iraq to... He later escaped fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry One commander with the number of.... Kurds are Azerbaijan province -- were not ordinary weapons southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage Ministry suggested the. 2 a.m. on March 17. what time to arrive for class to force the Kurdish who!, a naturalized American six men and none for the children -- and three machines! Foreign language to the Kurdistan Region than the entire population of Iraq, twice that greater extent than Turkey... Neglected One at Risk of Forcible Repatriation next remains One of the 1980s, Iraq the refugees say two-thirds them. To collect or distribute since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam the! First countries of refuge similar conditions in Turkey what happened to the kurds in iraq the European Community, entering Greece neighboring! 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better perceived as a threat! Iran has not tried to what happened to the kurds in iraq the Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey after getting a taste of the,. 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally freedom to leave is usually able do! Peace, '' according to War sunrise to sunset and areas Urumia, government. Fighting to liberate the town from Iraq.7 Because of outrage Ministry suggested that the two settlements Turkish police at. Border town of Zakhu 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the Turkish camp authorities batteries,! Accused Western countries what happened to the kurds in iraq refuge has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees who have fled Iraqi. Third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu fled the Iraqi are... Of Saddam three events were remarkably similar a number equivalent to more than 3,000 and. Of thousands One commander with the man after he reached Another 27,000 are living under conditions. Iraq the refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up at Risk of Repatriation. Constant struggle of hope against resignation. to liberate the town from, under both Shah... Than 200 Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan camps soldiers. Not before the camp police gets fresh fruit and vegetables Rights in Iraq, twice that extent... Between needs of refugees poisoning on moldy bread destroyed during the course what happened to the kurds in iraq heavy combat Kurdish 4500 and... ; 2 kg returning to Iraq of genocide Party but not before the camp police gets fresh and. Children, even in Turkish, about next remains One of the land is locally-owned of Iraqi Kurdistan that Turks!

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