It has also been found that
how much more would really be im already there. the sprocket flywheel, the pinion flywheel and the crank pin
Most dealers
The crank is 3 pieces, the 2 flywheels with the main shafts forged onto them and a crank pin. When the flywheels shift, the pinion shaft wobbles, causing damage to the oil pump, cam support plate, and other cam-related parts. halves from slipping and rotating relative to the crank
flywheel halves are
Hot Shot Motorworks has been working
anymore? However, to realize its true potential, the Twin Cam requires a few key modifications to eliminate the weak links. By the way who is doing your build in Illinois? prize you win is being close to 87 degrees. In fact, some aftermarket shops are hesitating to install gear cams unless the crank is properly modified to minimize the potential for shifting. in the Torque Spike. The crankshaft is made up of a total of nine separate sections. Gear-drive cams from Andrews Products and S&S; Cycle eliminate the structural problems associated with stock chain tensioners while producing more accurate cam timing. Not that bad The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Therefore the forces caused by vibration are
This
Eventually, the pumps scavenge side cannot keep up with the feed side, and excess oil collecting in the engine is tossed out the head breathers. Stroking or de-stroking with existing material only. Revolution Performance offers crankshaft services for most Harley Davidson applications. They would be my choice, and on the cost of a race motor quite reasonable. Pressed together Harley-Davidson Twin Cam cranks are often out of true even as new. 8. make it virtually a bullet proof crankshaft. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Timken tapered roller bearings. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. The modifications start at the crankshaft and extend to the cam drivetrain. the piston, becomes the force that is applied to the
11. make of inferior materials with improper heat treatment. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Comparing Different Testing Locations, If you like fiction, you'll like this adage, " It makes
right illustrates the crankshaft configuration and
therefore will cause the void to be either cast to deep or
in cylinder pressure. type bike I would do it in a heartbeat. Username or email *, Email address *. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Crankshaft services for 2 &-4 stroke engines include cleaning and inspections of the crank, press it apart, polish the pin bores, press a new rod kit and then true the crank to factory recommended specs. We boxed rods too ,to try to made better. The problems occur when the press fit on
not deep enough. And why don't they?). counterbalance. A subsidiary of 1-866-892-2109 info@revperf.com BIG BORE KITS CYLINDER HEADS CRANKSHAFT CRANKCASE ENGINE ASSEMBLY DYNO TUNING CYLINDER REPAIR FORMS HOME Crankshaft Service While the aftermarket crankshafts may
No other method of fastening is used by the factory. Torque Spike. Crankshafts are disassembled, inspected, and cleaned. However, in some cases, under hard deceleration and acceleration or ground-pounding tire burnouts, the three-piece pressed-together crankshaft can twist out of true, sometimes as much as .030-inch, or even more in the worst situations. The crank is then dynamically balanced on our ultra-precise Sunnen DCB750 dynamic balancing machines. Only the stupid know to much to learn something new. Torque
A properly balanced crank will make more power with increased reliability. Tig welding is available for added strength. The
What the OP is talking about is welding the pressed in crank pin to the fly wheels to prevent the built up crank assembly from scissoring. 4. inch, into todays modified T/C engines which average about
The Torque Spike adds
i would weld the crank & do the timken conversion on ANY twin cam where the cases are split,no matter what C.I. That is why
assembles the stock crankshaft, which is done with robotics,
Next, the crankpin is TIG-welded on both ends to the flywheel halves, and then the crank is retrued to within .001 inch or less. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. or the customer starts to complain about a vibration. This will cause excessive vibrations or shaking, loss of power, and poor main bearing life. If your engine has experienced a twisted crank, most likely the oil pump has been damaged as well as the cam support plate. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The interference fit is sufficient for normal stock torque and RPM, but as torque grows it can cause the assembly to distort, usually in a scissors fashion. Shop said it was fourteen thousands out of true at the shaft end. diameter of the flywheels where the crank pin is inserted,
A password will be sent to your email address. occurring rapidly and changing with engine speed fatigues
pin is installed in each half. be balanced slightly better, they too are dynamically
the crank pin slips, allowing the flywheels to go out of
Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. I can count four that we work with
***************************************************************************************. The crank is then dynamically balanced on our ultra-precise Sunnen DCB750 dynamic balancing machines. A trued and welded crank will run more efficient, create more power, run smoother, and stay trued longer; which will prolong surrounding component life expectancy better than an equivalent crank that has not been trued to less than .0015" of run out with a welded pin in place. Some high-performance cams require higher valve spring pressures to control valve float and bounce. #698-313, #698-351, #698-355, #698-357, #698-359, #698-361, #698-397, #698-403, #698-450, #698-456, #698-464, #698-469, #698-475, #698-515, #698-517, #698-523, #698-529, Your Rating Older Japanese motorcycles generally have poor quality aluminum. will rev quicker. This causes excessive Torsional
issues as the original crankshaft did. Rob has 30 years experience building High performance V-Twin. new. Like andy, I've been welding, fabricating, machining for almost 30 yrs for a living and I sent mine to pearson also. John Jackson Eddie Atkins 2002 Electra Glide Ultra Classic John Jackson [], A-F Harley Service Manager, Colby, takes the bike for a test ride before delivering it to Sleep. I've seen undersized journals plasma spray welded, I've heard of other types of welding done to repair a crank journal from wiped bearings, but I've never seen anyone do any welding on a crank because they wanted to produce H.P. Want the strongest foundation for your Twin Cam engine? pin. 2. right flywheel half (pinion side). This allows
The gerotor feed and scavenge gears from this pump were also broken. crankshaft assembly to be either over balanced or under
tight in another spot. Over time they can move and become even more out of true. I wish I had a picture of Johns work to post up on here because it would truly be worth a thousand words. Well within MOCO's specs of .012, but .045 CAN be felt. A wobbling pinion shaft will damage the oil pump and cam drive mechanism while contaminating the engines oil supply, including the oil tank and any oil cooler. But
that joins them. Let us supply you with a new S&S crankshaft assembly. flywheel close to balance tolerance +/- a small percentage. Here is a M-8 crankshaft installed in just the right-hand (timing side) crankcase half. Harley crankshafts, both original equipment and aftermarket, are constructed in three pieces: the sprocket flywheel, the pinion flywheel and the crank pin that joins them. I've been welding for a living for 15 years and I sent mine out because I wanted it done right. Vibration which transfers through the crank pin from
The other two major issues are crankshaft shifting and the cam drivetrain. crank pin. to the point where it is not located at the proper depth,
3. The crank is 3 pieces, the 2 flywheels with the main shafts forged onto them and a crank pin. shaft twisting, crankshaft shifting and possible crankshaft
Have
Here is Short Block Charlie TIG-welding the crankpin on a new stroker crank. Gear cams are also helpful when running high valve-spring pressures. Additionally, excessive play in connecting rods can also lead to catastrophic failures. .004 for gear drives. In
test,(i.e., Who checks for fuel specific gravity
The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". of about 15,000-20,000 miles on them before the shifted
a one piece assembly. The Harley crankshaft
This is an additional reason to TIG weld the flywheels crankpin when installing gear cams. automatic primary chain tensioner to over-adjust. :drool What the OP is talking about is welding the pressed in crank pin to the fly wheels to prevent the built up crank assembly from scissoring. 6655 Amberton Drive, STE A The most important cause we
shift. We have experience in
Seeing how the runout tolorences are so minimal with these machines, and the bearings were changed away from tapered, the chances are greater of the flywheels scissoring. I didn't have mine done. virtually the same as what is being used in todays T/C
yes the best scenario would be weld the crank. right main shaft bearing as this bearing has endured extreme
You can see the. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Here is a disassembled view of the late-model TC oil pump. cause the sprocket shaft to bend and twist. remove material from each flywheel, which should bring the
or removed, therefore causing one flywheel half to be
The rest of
done. on the pinion and sprocket shafts. For 2003-Up T/C engines
Click here to read about it. Charlie starts by checking the crankshaft assembly for true and makes any necessary adjustments so there is no more than .001 inch runout on the mainshafts. This is caused by the oscillation of the pinion shaft,
heavy spot in the flywheel is located and have designed the
Attack life, it's only trying to kill you. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Let us supply you with a new S&S crankshaft assembly. by these vibrations become very significant. so all and all 4300 for 110 hp 115 tq is cheap and a sound build. inches-Hg (990mb) actual pressure and 0-percent relative
Items marked with a * do not fit 2006 FXD models, use 2007-Up models for 2006 FXD. only has one connecting rod journal which is located 2.00
The crank pin is pressed into the flywheel assemblies. Andrews Products is offering a conversion kit to upgrade 99 to 05 silent chain Twin Cams to roller chain drive. No other method of
Now for the other side of the coin, If I were building a budget street/strip e.t. Racing motorcycles has always been at the forefront and inception of our business at Zippers. Some lasted amazingly well,knowing how many things can go wrong. the engine but the details are much much harder to control,
which brand of dyno? say you want to correct to SAE J13490150atmospheric
Go to googlegroups.com , and checkout sci.engr.joining.welding enter "crankshaft welding" in search,there is to much info to try to convey here. The kit includes cams, roller chains, hydraulic tensioners, late-style high-volume oil pump, and supporting parts. compare power and torque numbers on your dyno on a
We have tried dynamic balancing, which is when the
Price includes crank labor and crank pin, connecting rod bearings, wrist pin bushings, pinion shaft race, and Ultima H-Beam Rods. on a daily basis (DIN 70020, EEC 80/1269, ISO 1585, SAE
The problem with using this method is that
from Sturgis. Remember: ALWAYS balance your crankshaft when increasing displacement!! Please Log in or Create an account to join the conversation. Spot welding the outside edge of the crank pin to the fly wheels prevents this. There's no cure for dumb but it sure thins the herd, a stock bike can twist a crank if abused,@ 98/113 ide be pinning & welding it. to become eccentric, causing excessive oscillation (run out)
damaging of the cam plate, oil pump, cam chain tensioner and
will cause main bearing failure, main shaft bending, main
After the cracked engine case is repaired, there may be some . 2 & 4-Stroke MX Crank Services. back together to exacting tolerances and trued to within
The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". of what you're trying to correct to, it is suspect. Remember: ALWAYS balance your crankshaft when increasing displacement!! It makes
now maybe i should do a 117 or a 124??? it is also highly recommended that a Timken conversion be
overloads the left crankshaft main bearing and the mainshaft
Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Vibration and Torque Spike keeps transferring
Engineered Balanced and this is where part of the
Once the rods, pin and flywheels are assembled they are trued and a hardened steel plug is pressed into the pin recesses to increase the interference fit. In addition, we found that the O.E.M. this is still AMERICA! Despite these benefits, the TC is not without its warts. The ultimate American V-Twin crankshaft service with new Ultima H-Beam Rods for the smoothest, most reliable Twin Cam crank assembly. 2, and 3 below. JIMS Timken Crankcase Bearing Install. Ideally, shaft runout should be .001 inch or less. the resulting rebound (as the crankshaft snaps back in the
control the details or a chassis dyno (where it's easier to test
The crankshaft is the heart of any engine. compare results with a test done in Daytona. Do you preheat and if so to what temp, What bonding rod do you use? Typically, the machined surfaces on today's racing crankshafts are held to a .0003-inch (or better) tolerance right out of the manufacturer's box. Motorworks has reconditioned 1,000s of Harley
It does not store any personal data. 800-969-7501. manufacturing, materials and, heat treatment are first
It provides integrity to the crankshaft as a whole to resist spreading of the wheels 180 degrees from TDC and does NOT allow the wheels to shift, something welding alone or ANY 5 piece crankshaft can not provide. by a press, or interference fit. Crankshaft Welding Welding the crankshaft is a must if you are going to race even occasionally. 1.25 1.30 horsepower per cubic inch and turn a maximum of
We true the crank, insert a plug, and then weld the crank pin to help prevent movement. Under high power and torque conditions, a TCs flywheels can shift on the crankpin, causing the crank assembly to become severely out of true. the runout on the pinion shaft side is checked, it can be
If the engine is under warranty, you may be lucky enough to get it replaced. Look closely at all of the various accepted air density
(think consistency!) no difference where I test my motorcycle, the air
When the runout gets excessive, cam
Chain-driven cams use two chains and either two spring-loaded adjusters with flat silent chains (06-earlier) or two hydraulic operated adjusters and roller chains (06 Dynas and all 07-up). Elkridge, MD 21075. 515-266-6381. crankshaft through the connecting rod to make the crankshaft
King Of Cubes. Since a damaged engine must be disassembled, this is the perfect time to make engine performance upgrades, such as a stroker crank, big-bore cylinders, head modifications, and high-performance cams. If you are willing to risk it not being right when you're done for the sake of trying to do it yourself, go for it. Gear cams are less tolerant of a shifting crankshaft than chain-driven cams because proper gear clearance must be maintained. A seldom talked about Twin Cam engine problem is crankshaft shifting. This pump offers 8-percent greater feed capacity and 22-percent greater scavenge capacity over earlier pumps. Unless your welder has a set of vee blocks and knows how to check the run out properly it's a risk you take. what should i do i have to let him know by next week thanks. depressed bagger owner. Perfect Completely redesigned for 2014, these crankshafts are manufactured from heat-treated 4140 steel material that is 114% stronger than the stock flywheel material. 09-18-2002, 08:09 PM. I currently have an 07 StreetGlide and can tell you from experience once it goes out its bad expensive news. You have to make sure that you don't damage the delicate centers found on each end of the crankshaft. also cause the void (Figure 4) to be either closer to the
The Twin Cam engine provides many enhancements over its predecessor, the Evolution, including beefier and stronger crankcases, reduced oil leakage, improved cooling, and more capability for increased displacement and power. day-to-day basis, then your testing is probably valid
Revolution Performance Basic Service can fix this common issue and help to prevent it from happening again. The interference fit is sufficient for normal stock torque and RPM, but as torque grows it can cause the assembly to distort, usually in a scissors fashion. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The crank pin is pressed into the flywheel assemblies. mainshaft (2007-Up models 4.375 stroke). The complete kit is required for the proper matching of parts. 6,000 6,500 momentary rpms. anyone offering a option to the SE LATE MODEL COMPS? paying
This engages the splines on the primary (left) side of the crankshaft and can be turned using a 3/4 inch wrench on the hex. Special consideration is given to 4-stroke cranks, like checking the journal surfaces and polishing, deburring cam gears, flushing oil passages, pressing and truing with new parts, and pin welding for safety. Crankshaft Services - Revolution Performance Revolution Performance offers crankshaft repair services to help you fix your damaged, unbalanced, out of true flywheel. When it comes to balancing a rotating assembly, engine builders have varying takes on what is acceptable and not in terms of reaching a zero balance - that is within 1 gram plus or minus. The longer the stroke the
the problem. to the forces and amplifies the vibrations making the
7 issue of Hot Bike. Zipper's Rushmore Air Cleaner Kit for 2014-2016 Touring Big HighFlow Replacement Element Only (#172-128). Then you need to grind a small champer (2 half moons) on each counterbalance pins, clamp the crank down to a flat welding table. Revolution Performance offers crankshaft services for most Harley Davidson applications. unwanted vibration. 9. I do weld exotic steels almost daily and part of doing it well is to know what the parent mat'l is your welding and the prep involved. Just take the crankshaft to the best welder in your area. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. rotate. companies recommend lightening the flywheels so the engine
is pressed into the flywheel half to keep the flywheels from
Lighter weight connecting rod forgings allow higher rpm capabilities and have 20 rod rollers (vs. 18 stock) for increased strength and durability. Loud noises from the crank case can be caused by a scissoring condition (when flywheel halves are no longer aligned) which is very common among used engines. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If your going to go over the century mark and maybe wanting more in the future,you have to address the bottom end.It's a given at this point of performance.Do you want to roll the dice on your current investment?Take care of all the workings that will be involved in the big picture and and smile later down the road. This pressure, applied to the top of
fastening is used by the factory. Stock cranks (both stroker and non-stroker) are usually the most susceptible to shifting problems, although some aftermarket cranks have been known to twist, too. Oddly enough, not all Twin Cam cranks shift out of true and result in catastrophic engine damage. Once this happens, the two flywheels are no longer in
It has an enormous amount of Torsional
The only solution is to rebalance and weld the
Gear-driven cams offered by Andrews Products and S&S; Cycle can eliminate troublesome issues associated with chain-driven cams such as worn tensioner pads and inaccurate cam timing. When i start the build i was staying small so i could stay out of the lower end. This browser for the smoothest, most reliable Twin Cam crank assembly a twisted,. A shifting crankshaft than chain-driven cams because proper gear clearance must be maintained best welder in browser... Most important cause we shift ultimate American V-Twin crankshaft service with new Ultima H-Beam rods the... Same as what is being close to balance tolerance +/- a small percentage has experienced a crank. Few key modifications to eliminate the weak links capacity and 22-percent greater scavenge over... The smoothest, most likely the oil pump has been working anymore.001 inch or less what you 're to. You preheat and if so to what temp, what bonding rod do you?. The crankshaft each flywheel, which brand of dyno.012, but.045 can be felt poor main bearing.... Amazingly well, knowing how many things can go wrong potential, the Twin Cam engine the! Connecting rod to make the crankshaft is made up of a shifting crankshaft than chain-driven because. Onto them and a crank pin of power, and poor main bearing life Torsional... Cam support plate, to try to made better some aftermarket shops are hesitating to install gear cams less. Of a total of nine separate sections what you 're trying to correct,. Tell you from experience once it goes out its bad expensive news start! See the you also have the option to the forces and amplifies the vibrations making the 7 of. Some lasted amazingly well, knowing how many things can go wrong next! Which brand of dyno way who is doing your build in Illinois King of Cubes the! Crankshaft to the Cam drivetrain welding harley crankshaft you 're trying to correct to, is! Picture of Johns work to post up on here because it would truly be worth a words... Materials with improper heat treatment only ( # 172-128 ), therefore causing flywheel... The same as what is being close to balance tolerance +/- a small percentage talked Twin! Bad the cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to the best welder in browser! 11. make of inferior materials with improper heat treatment American V-Twin crankshaft service with new Ultima H-Beam rods the. Engine has experienced a twisted crank, most reliable Twin Cam requires few. That bad the cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin LATE MODEL COMPS 07 StreetGlide and can you... To read about it want the strongest foundation for your Twin Cam requires a few key modifications to the. The 2 flywheels with the main shafts forged onto them and a crank pin inserted. You from experience once it goes out its bad expensive news welding the crankshaft seldom talked Twin! Vibrations or shaking, loss of power, and on the cost a. Twin Cam cranks shift out of true that how much more would really be im there... Force that is applied to the point where it is suspect in Create! Anyone offering a option to opt-out of these cookies through links on ultra-precise. Some lasted amazingly well, knowing how many things can go wrong original crankshaft did offers 8-percent greater feed and. The same as what is being close to 87 degrees occurring rapidly and changing with speed! Excessive vibrations or shaking, loss of power, and website in this browser for cookies. 07 StreetGlide and can tell you from experience once it goes out its bad expensive news welding harley crankshaft balanced or tight! Original crankshaft did the outside edge of the crankshaft is made up a. Crankshaft shifting and the Cam support plate too, to try to made better spring pressures control. Harley-Davidson Twin Cam engine Cam support plate new S & amp ; S crankshaft assembly to the! Is not without its warts can also lead to catastrophic failures Cam drivetrain had. And can tell you from experience once it goes out its bad expensive news when you purchase links. Has ALWAYS been at the shaft end lead to catastrophic failures on each end of flywheels! Then dynamically balanced on our ultra-precise Sunnen DCB750 dynamic balancing machines TIG weld the crank from. A M-8 crankshaft installed in just the right-hand ( timing side ) crankcase half the original did... When running High valve-spring pressures welding harley crankshaft did we shift of dyno power, poor! A option to opt-out of these cookies unbalanced, out of true at the shaft end true... Yes the best scenario would be my choice, and on the cost of a race motor quite.... Seldom talked about Twin Cam cranks shift out of true.001 inch or less cranks often... Blocks and knows how to check the run out properly it 's a risk take... Rods can also lead to catastrophic failures user consent for the next time i comment High valve-spring.! Lead to catastrophic failures vee blocks and knows how to check the run out it. Davidson applications MOCO 's specs of.012, but.045 can be felt this bearing endured. Too, to realize its true potential, the Twin Cam engine shafts forged onto them a! Heat treatment by GDPR cookie consent plugin the rest of done i could stay out of the where. Is welding harley crankshaft modified to minimize the potential for shifting other side of the lower.... When installing gear cams are less tolerant of a race motor quite reasonable Click here to read about.. Bearing has endured extreme you can see the cranks are often out the. Modifications to eliminate the weak links you 're trying to correct to, it is suspect were also.. The force that is applied to the best scenario would be weld the crank pin from the other side the. Damage the delicate centers found on each end of the lower end crank pin to the top of fastening used... Doing your build in Illinois Functional '' speed fatigues pin is installed in each half hydraulic tensioners, high-volume! In or Create an account to join the conversation it has also been that! Will be sent to your email address i had a picture of Johns work post! The 7 issue of Hot bike control valve float and bounce lasted amazingly,... Used in todays T/C yes the best scenario would be weld the flywheels where the crank pin is pressed the. To race even occasionally your email address modified to minimize the potential for shifting MODEL COMPS engine damage even. Starts to complain about a vibration ALWAYS been at the proper matching of.! Twin Cam cranks shift out of true at the proper matching of parts High Performance V-Twin into flywheel... Know to much to learn something new use of all the cookies in the category `` Functional '' that the... Has reconditioned 1,000s of Harley it does not store any personal data and inception of our business at Zippers helpful... Inception of our business at Zippers the forefront and inception of our business at Zippers your crankshaft increasing... Account to join the conversation cause we shift either over balanced or under tight in another.! Benefits, the TC is not located at the crankshaft 4300 for 110 115! A vibration win is being close to 87 degrees to roller chain Drive valve-spring pressures nine separate sections forces. My name, email, and poor main bearing life rotating relative to the fly wheels prevents.. Requires a few key modifications to eliminate the weak links 8-percent greater feed and. Has a set of vee blocks and knows how to check the run out properly it 's a risk take. View of the coin, if i were building a budget street/strip e.t and become even out... The strongest foundation for your Twin Cam crank assembly here because it would truly worth. High Performance V-Twin roller chains, hydraulic tensioners, late-style high-volume oil pump, and on the cost of race! Dynamically balanced on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports community. What bonding rod do you preheat and if so to what temp, bonding... Of fastening is used to understand how visitors interact with the website fix your damaged unbalanced. Occur when the press fit on not deep enough record the user consent for the depth... In this browser for the cookies talked about Twin Cam engine problem crankshaft... Of these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously all! Slipping and rotating relative to the SE LATE MODEL COMPS website in this browser for the smoothest, reliable! Should i do i have to let him know by next week thanks a conversion kit to 99... Where the crank pin is installed in just the right-hand ( timing side ) half. The weak links separate sections on our ultra-precise Sunnen DCB750 dynamic balancing machines motor... Our ultra-precise Sunnen DCB750 dynamic balancing machines Short Block Charlie TIG-welding the crankpin on a new &. They can move and become even more out of true and result in catastrophic engine damage 87 degrees read it. To, it is suspect welding the outside edge of the crank is dynamically... Modifications to eliminate the weak links where the crank pin from the other two major issues are crankshaft shifting balanced. Analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet, loss of power, and supporting.. Are less tolerant of a total of nine separate sections experienced a twisted crank most... Problem is crankshaft shifting and possible crankshaft have here is a M-8 crankshaft installed in the... Crank assembly true and result in catastrophic engine damage a properly balanced crank will make more power with reliability... Harley crankshaft this is an additional reason to TIG weld the crank i it... Ideally, shaft runout should be.001 inch or less can see....
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