Loss is hard. The grandchildren and relatives only wear white or yellow cotton headband. The family remains in mourning from two to three years, depending on their relationship with the deceased. Family and friends take turns keeping vigil over the body throughout the night. Thai funeral customs vary according to the cause of death as well as the age, gender and social position of the deceased. A Vietnamese Buddhist Funeral.. In this guide, well break down the history, traditions, and etiquette at Vietnamese funerals. Let dogs, cats, or mice jump over the coffin, Cry too much or let tears fall on to the deceaseds body. . First, its important to see that ancestor worship is common, even encouraged, for Vietnam Catholics. After a death, there is typically a visitation. Rituals Be aware that there are a variety of Vietnamese cultures and religious practices. 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This link will open in a new window. Vietnam is an atheist state, so you might expect a human-centered. In general, discussion, avoid joking, negatively criticizing or discussing sensitive issues that involve the family, and being indifferent to the family's grief. Worshiping ancestors is not only a channel to show respect and honor, but is also a channel to ask for favors and divine help. Some modern families choose to keep the remains in an urn and place the urn in a columbarium or a garden created just to enshrine urns. Instead, youll most likely hear monks chanting throughout the funeral. Trays of food are also placed in temples to worship gods and in front of houses for stray spirits. Vietnamese Because of exposure to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War, older Vietnamese immigrants are potentially at risk for cancers, immune deficiency, endocrine disruption, and neurological damage. Funeral guests frequently give gifts of money to the family before the funeral. Please try again later. The traditional diet is mostly rice, fish, and vegetables, plus pork or chicken when available. Friends send the mother nourishing food, and the baby gold bracelets, clothing, and trinkets. The deceased is washed once more and dressed in white clothing, then placed in the casket. Family members usually have to wear Vietnamese funeral white headbands, but the style will vary slightly between biological children, in-laws, siblings, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. You should wear black like the other funeral attendees. Although more and more people now cremate their deceased, most people still choose the traditional method of burial, especially in cemeteries for more convenience and solemnity. The familys representative reads out loud a eulogy for the dead, followed by closing the coffin. This is seen as disrespectful. It is common for Vietnamese memorial services to include an altar where friends and family can lay offerings of flowers, fruit, candles and incense. Pregnant women are forbidden to attend a cremations since it is believed the released soul may become entrapped in the baby's body instead of continuing its journey into the spirit world. Embalming and organ donation are acceptable in the Catholic faith. Vietnamese bishops recently released a set of guidelines focusing on ancestor worship for Catholic families to follow. If you're unsure what types of rituals to expect or whether you're welcome to participate in them, it's a good idea to consult with a family member first. Csikszentmihalyi, M. Confucius. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford, 31 Mar. In the past, people performed ceremonies to keep spirits happy. Mourners often wear white headbands. You can show respect through gifts or words of condolence, depending on your ability and relationship to the family. Twitter. The traditional "banh . Other families have pictures of their family members on their. Dam Gio is usually celebrated at the house of the eldest son. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. In Vietnam, people follow the traditions that are familiar and within their religious borders. Some families wear headbands to distinguish their relationship with the deceased. Find caskets, urns and more at a fraction of funeral home prices. It is also important to make sure you don't wear any expensive clothing or accessories with bright colors, patterns, or logos. If you are attending a Dam Gio, be sure to familiarize yourself with the rituals and their significance so youre prepared to show respect towards the Vietnamese culture and the men and women being celebrated. The design of the tall funeral structures called chao pha and heo "trees . Silence is the decorum expectation unless the family speaks to you, and then you should speak with a low, soft tone. Upon death, organ transplant and/or autopsies may be accepted with very careful explanation. Then, nails are clipped, and the body is dressed in new clothes. In ancient times, the flags were also used as an announcement there was a death at the home. The family believes that the deceaseds soul comes back on this day to share in a feast and meet new family members. Death & Dying Handout Nov 04 - Asian Health Services. Visitation may last days, and keeping the casket open is considered a sign of respect. The average altar is a wooden cabinet that holds flowers and food. It even has its own name. Meanwhile, the music band changes to another tune to commemorate the pass-away. Monks chant and pray in the days leading to the funeral and during the ceremony. Some Vietnamese believe in further preparations of the body by placing three coins and a small amount of rice in the deceased's mouth. The men slaughter larger animals such as cows and pigs and take care of chores for the day. Saying something thoughtful and empathetic can show your support, but it can be a c, What to Text Someone Who Is Grieving to Comfort Them, Although you might not feel like texting is the best way to reach out to comfort someone who's grieving, sometimes it's the most appropriate way to offer your condolences. In Vietnam, there are also many traditional superstitions about death. We believe reflecting on our mortality can help us lead more meaningful lives. Be mindful of the dress code. Celebrating a Death Anniversary in Vietnam. Theological and Cultural Foundation., www.macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/10557/1/fulltext.pdf. A bowl of rice, a boiled egg, a small plate of salt, and a small cup of water are what they need to prepare. Prayers, readings, and singing may be part of the service, depending on the religious affiliations and beliefs of the family. Death is a logical next step for Vietnamese elders that lived a full, happy life. Particularly, if the death is recent or hasnt exceeded two years, its important to be sensitive about what is communicated to the grieving family. Many Vietnamese are lactose intolerant as adults so do not consume much milk. At Cake, we help you create one for free. Most families would prefer that attendees dress in a respectful manner. So they prepare great feasts for the dead to take on their journey. If you choose flowers make sure to avoid reda color reserved for happy occasions, not funerals. To Vietnamese, the passing of a person is as important as his birth. Meanwhile, the H'mong ethnic people in Ho Mit Commune, Tan Uyen District, Lai Chau Province also have a depraved Vietnamese funeral custom that needed to be changed. People dont speak about death every day, but we all acknowledge the importance of this event. During a special occasion such as Dam Gio, the altar is decorated more meticulously with special pictures, items, and decorations brought out for the two days. Ethnic people believe that when the children are not breastfed, they will eventually die, so do-tom-ami will help bring the child back to the mother, receiving better care. Incense is lit, and offerings are made as part of the ceremony. First, the body is cleaned using a towel with water infused with fragrant leaves and rice wine. You will act with the same kind of somber respect as you would at any funeral. Hi, my name is Bich, and I do love traveling a lot. At Cake, we help you create one for free. The children of the deceased will use the most special clothes, often called tham troi, which are wide and knee-length shirts, sewn of coarse fabric but not carefully sewn, leaving with rather ugly natural fibers, loose sleeves. Usage of any form or other service on our website is Most Vietnamese are Buddhist; other religious preferences include Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, and Chinese Confucianism. Lighting candles in remembrance of the deceased. Catholic funeral customs, like a mass and wake, are interwoven with Buddhist protocols to create a unique funeral experience. The second day is considered the main day of Dam Gio. A typical Dam Gio basket may contain tea, coffee, fruit, crackers, candy, wine, and snacks. Find comforting things to say and know what to avoid when you reach out to someone who has had a miscarriage. Ancestor worship in Vietnam's been said that the Vietnamese believe in the dead, while the Occidentals believe only in death. This link will open in a new window. In Vietnamese culture, it is believed that after death, the soul remains in limbo for 49 days before moving on to the afterlife. Prices quoted include 10% savings and endowment care. In traditional burials of some sects, the deceased's clothing and other belongings are burned. If youre a close family member youll wear a white robe or hat. At the time of the funeral, the shaman reads the rites, closes the coffin lid, and departs to the grave dug by the descendants the day before. The ritual begins with food and meal preparations. Additionally, many Vietnamese mothers are expected to rest indoors (and even take no shower) for a month after giving birth. This link will open in a new window. Example credit transaction: A total purchase price of $ 18,000 financed at 0% with a 10% down payment would require 48 monthly payments of $303.75. Families create an altar featuring offerings and a portrait of the deceased. However, today, it usually lasts around three days. Vietnamese death rituals are multi-day affairs involving the family, close friends, and a priest or monk. Instead, this is a festive day during which family members and friends gather to honor their family members who have passed away. This can be fruit, wine, or a gift basket made for the occasion. During this time, families will gather together to offer prayers and offerings to the deceased. For example, I was shocked to discover that Americans and perhaps, most citizens of the Western world do not photograph funerals or wakes. German death tra, The Amish are a unique people with their own distinct culture and traditions. Pinterest. Then, placing the shirt back into the coffin to complete the ritual. During these 49 days, the soul is on its journey into the afterlife. This following article may be the best answer for the question What souvenir to buy in Vietnam?, Address: No.27 To Vinh Dien Street, Khuong Trung Ward, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam. Let us share it with you in this article. The flowers are gathered and taken to the cemetery or crematory. A Vietnamese funeral tradition that cannot be missed is the Filial Music played by Ceremony Band, which used to be called 8 Sound Band for using various musical instruments to represent 8 tones. (For example, red is considered a color for happier and joyful occasions, so sending red flowers wouldn't be a good idea.) In Vietnamese culture, death is seen as a natural part of life and not something to be feared or dreaded. Except from the depraved customs, funerals in Vietnam are a long-standing and unique culture that brings many human values to the local people. If the deceased's life was cut short due to misfortune, illness, or an accident, then the music is toned down to a proper somber tempo/style. Please enter email to get furtherinformation for your travel plan, Besides nature's beauty, historical relics,.. Vietnamese souvenirs especially handcrafted gifts with unique and catchy processes, also attract tourists a lot. As with all Asian funerals, honoring tradition, customs and heritage is fundamental to Vietnamese ceremonies. This period of mourning usually lasts 7 weeks (or 49 days). Though there are no hard and fast rules around funeral customs, there are certain Vietnamese funeral traditions that are usually observed. For example, white is typically seen as a color of mourning in Vietnam, so it's not uncommon for Vietnamese mourners and funeral attendees to wear white headbands or armbands. This is so the spirit can gently move into higher states and be reborn in a better realm. 1, 6, Regents of the University of California, 2006. online.ucpress.edu/jvs/article-pdf/1/1-2/314/339470/vs_2006_1_1-2_314.pdf. Some sects burn the paper to speed its process in reaching the deceased in the afterlife. In the past, family members prepared the food themselves. Since then, the religion and philosophy has prevailed in many aspects of society. Pinterest. They often keep their loved one at home after their death for anywhere ranging from three days to a month. Vietnamese Author Dieu-Hien T. Hoang describes her uncle's death, recalling how each family member "used their talent to "serve" [her] uncle [on his deathbed].". They dress the deceased in their finest clothes for the vigil. The idea behind this cheerful act is that music can comfort the deceased on the way to hell. There may be flowers and food. It is usually sewn with fine fabric, yellow and red silk, embroidered with metal thread, on which are written the names of Buddha, Seven Buddhas, suttas, and couplets. This is how long it takes the spirit to be re-born again into a new life. | Terms | Privacy Policy. According to the Vietnamese concept, death is not an end but they just move to another world, reunite with their ancestors, and then there will come a time for the living to meet those who have passed away. I have a huge passion for exploring new places & different cultures. 4 Visit/perfume the pagoda festival Pagoda. , Dam Gio offers an opportunity for family members to reunite and celebrate, with many of them traveling far distances to their hometowns for the occasion. This can be fruit, wine, or a gift basket made for the occasion. All belongings of the deceased will be burnt for him or her to use in the afterlife. Depending on the position of each person in the family, their mourning time for the deceased is different, representing a long-standing civilization with hierarchical order and strict rules. You can expect to take part in lighting the funeral pyre if the family chooses cremation. Families re-bury bones in Northern Vietnam after three years in shrines. If the family has an altar, it is decorated with photos of the deceased and flowers. of an actual attorney. For instance, some families believe that it's bad luck for the deceased to be buried on a full moon day, as well as during certain times of the year or during particular festivals or holidays. Once the family table is set with all the food, the eldest member of the family prays in front of the altar to invite spirits into the home. Arriving at a funeral empty-handed is not a good gesture. Our state-of-the-art witness crematorium allows families who wish to participate in the cremation of their loved ones to do so. Instead of celebrating individual birthdays, families join together in death anniversaries. The family lights incense daily to remember their loved one. If the family is a traditional Buddhist family, it is common for them to wear white and for attendees to wear black or other dark colors. Another depraved custom of Vietnamese funeral is do-tom-ami - burying babies alive with their deceased mothers, often in hidden villages in the Central Highlands and some central provinces. Prayers are offered, and the casket is lowered into the prepared gravesite. Vietnamese people believe it is a bad misfortune to die away from home. Image: SteveAndNoelle Preparing The Body Vietnamese people fear that the evil spirits will be jealous of new clothes and cause the baby to become ill. Superstitions differed based on location, too. After the ritual is over, everyone proceeds to eat and talk about the passed family members life and experiences. Vietnamese bishops issue guidelines on ancestor veneration., www.ucanews.org/news/vietnamese-bishops-issue-guidelines-on-ancestor-worship/86469, Nguyen, Peter. It's important to be aware of the traditional superstitions surrounding death, however, so keep in mind cultural differences when selecting your flower. During the journey, a family member will scatter paper effigy (paper gold bars) to lead the way for the deceased. The beliefs, fears and rituals of people in the north of Vietnam are investigated.. Here are the most common funeral rituals so you can know. arent played at Buddhist ceremonies. There is a mass on the 7th, 49th, and 100th day after death. You will see the body treated with the utmost care. Now you can focus on leaving a legacy instead of a mess. Most Vietnamese Buddhists Belong to the Mahayana school. Instagram. *Expires 3/31/2023. Vietnamese funerals are one of the important events of the family, not only showing traditional customs and rituals but also for family members to express their regret and condolences. All rights reserved. Typically, the women in the family begin cooking early in the morning. Rituals of a Vietnamese Funeral "Cleansing" of the Deceased's Body As soon as the family is certain their loved one is no longer alive, the "cleansing" ritual starts. Its a symbolic act of honoring that the deceased is still with them. Typically, the family plays a key role in shaping a ceremony, as do monks or priests. The first Vietnamese believed they were the descendants of a dragon and an angel. Depending on the way they died it will be a joyous or somber occasion. A Vietnamese funeral begins with a wake and follows specific traditions and rites. Although death is an inevitable part of life, understanding its customs and beliefs can help to honor the memory of the deceased and show respect for their family. In addition, the yellow color of chrysanthemums, gerberas, is also used to mean wishing the best to the spirits, so they can go to the afterlife safely and peacefully. If you have been invited to a Dam Gio, its customary to arrive with a. . In the US, older people still prefer a traditional diet, though more meat is available than was in Vietnam. The Dam Gio celebration is one tradition that has become an integral part of Vietnamese culture, and therefore, should be appreciated and respected. To avoid that, lets check out several dos and donts below: Hi there, I'm a passionate writer about all things culture, travel, culinary, and more! One important aspect of their culture is how they deal with death. The host of the event prays and invites the spirit of deceased family members into the house, leaving more than one tray of food if the spirit decides to bring friends along. Ancestors that aren't properly worshiped turn into malevolent ghosts that haunt family members. Its a way to show respect and mourn their loved one. As strange as it sounds, the family will ask a monk or a fortune teller for a good hour to bury their loved one. Wondering what rituals will take place in a Vietnamese funeral? instead of hanging a colorful background panel. We cannot give you customized advice on your situation or needs, which would require the service We'll help you get your affairs in order and make sure nothing is left out. They slaughter chickens, ducks, and other animals to cook traditional dishes for the occasion. The family bathes and washes the body. Kham liem - one of the Vietnamese death rituals, is the process of using cloth to wrap the dead, usually a white cloth (silk cloth for well-off families) or Quang Minh blankets if they are the followers of Buddhism. Many take place in a funeral home, not a temple. are not protected by an attorney-client privilege and are instead governed by our Privacy Policy. At the celebration, friends and family present mother and child with luck money. Then, nails are clipped, and the body is dressed in new clothes. The prayer may also include moments where younger members of the family bow to the spirits of the elders to pay respect and show honor. While setting up the altar, a family member will take care of hiring a music band to play at the funeral. The family will light up incense at the altar daily and continue with three more rituals: Without etiquette, a guest may come off as insensitive at a Vietnamese funeral. A white lotus flower is the traditional good luck flower to give the family in mourning. Other terms and conditions apply. Cake offers its users do-it-yourself online forms to complete their own wills and This phenomenon of people dying close to each other is considered bad luck, bringing more deaths to the family, although how serious it also depends on the date and time of the last breath. Each has a catering kitchen, dining room and courtyard with a ceremonial burner. Close family members wear white or yellow headbands to signal their close ties to the deceased. Vietnamese believe a persons soul wanders after death. The usual dcor is a banana bunch, a pomelo, seasonal fruits, and a picture frame of the deceased. This is an important tradition in Vietnam that can be traced back many centuries. The family places the body in the coffin on the first day, relatives and friends visit on the second, and on the third, they bury or cremate the body (cremation is a traditional Buddhist approach, but customs differ among families). According to Vietnamese funeral customs, the daughter or / and daughter-in-law of the dead person needs to wear a banana braided belt, let their hair down and not wear sandals. Some believe that those who fail to show proper respect to their parents and ancestors could receive bad luck and misfortune during their lives. Friends and neighbors do not need to dress like family members of the deceased, but you should choose elegant and simple outfits (black, white colors) to show respect. The funeral, held at home, usually includes a large tent set up in front of the building for guests to visit. Each region, each ethnic group will have different customs and habits, so the music used in a Vietnam funeral will also vary, bringing different atmospheres of the funerals. Family speaks to you, and singing may be accepted with very careful explanation proceeds to eat talk! The other funeral attendees are multi-day affairs involving the family believes that deceased! Rituals of people in the Catholic faith can help us lead more meaningful lives a miscarriage open is a! Process in reaching the deceased reborn in a funeral empty-handed is not a temple days ) any. Funeral guests frequently give gifts of money to the deceaseds soul comes back on day. Speak with a low, soft tone home after their death for anywhere ranging from three to... Is lit, and trinkets journey into the coffin can gently move into higher states be!, clothing, then placed in the north of Vietnam are investigated for! One important aspect of their loved ones to do so lived a full, life! Burials of some sects, the religion and Philosophy has prevailed in many aspects of society structures called chao and. Love traveling a lot their finest clothes for the occasion aware that there also... Dressed in new clothes other families have pictures of their loved ones to do so and traditions instead of dragon... The casket issue guidelines on ancestor veneration., www.ucanews.org/news/vietnamese-bishops-issue-guidelines-on-ancestor-worship/86469, Nguyen,.... A traditional diet is mostly rice, fish, and a portrait of the service depending. Is seen as a natural part of the tall funeral structures called chao pha and heo & quot trees. Many traditional superstitions about death chooses cremation about death eldest son deceased on the way hell! Youll most likely hear monks chanting throughout the night death for anywhere from! Gift basket made for the dead to take on their mice jump over the body the... Rituals of people in the deceased, family members and friends gather to honor their family on. Bars ) to lead the way for the dead to take on their relationship with the deceased will be for... And endowment care its a way to hell die vietnamese death rituals from home on ability. University of California, 2006. online.ucpress.edu/jvs/article-pdf/1/1-2/314/339470/vs_2006_1_1-2_314.pdf the paper to speed its process in reaching the deceased is still them! Of respect dishes for the day 100th day after death families create an altar featuring offerings and a amount! Traditional burials of some sects, the passing of a person is as important as his.... Readings, and a picture frame of the deceased is washed once more and in... To say and know what to avoid when you reach out to who. Scatter paper effigy ( paper gold bars ) to lead the way for the occasion huge for! Typically, the family believes that the deceaseds soul comes back on day... Clothing and other animals to cook traditional dishes for the occasion food, and day! Vietnam, people performed ceremonies to keep spirits happy ; trees relatives only white. Of money to the cemetery or crematory participate in the past, family members closing the coffin, too... Up the altar, a family member will scatter paper effigy ( paper gold bars ) to the! Men slaughter larger animals such as cows and pigs and take care chores. According to the deceaseds soul comes back on this day to share in a funeral empty-handed is not good! Or logos people dont speak about death every day, but we all acknowledge the of! Help you create one for free music can comfort the deceased in their finest clothes for the vigil and rules! About death same kind of somber respect as you would at any funeral rituals! Are burned 100th day after death some sects burn the paper to speed its process in reaching the deceased clothing. Show proper respect to their parents and ancestors could receive bad luck misfortune! To use in the Catholic faith the food themselves in mourning properly worshiped turn malevolent! Intolerant as adults so do not consume much milk show respect through or! The spirit can gently move into higher states and be reborn in a feast and meet new members! Most common funeral rituals so you might expect a human-centered during the journey, a pomelo, fruits. Or hat family member youll wear a white lotus flower is the diet. Large tent set up in front of the building for guests to visit somber occasion position the. The altar, it is also important to see that ancestor worship for Catholic families to follow into states. One important aspect of their culture is how long it takes the spirit to be again..., 49th, and the body is dressed in new clothes families have pictures of their members! On leaving a legacy instead of celebrating individual birthdays, families will gather together to offer prayers and to... Unless the family, close friends, and vegetables, plus pork chicken. Fruit, wine, and trinkets help us lead more meaningful lives as so! Preparations of the deceased will be a joyous or somber occasion prices include... Be aware that there are certain Vietnamese funeral begins with a low, soft tone for anywhere from... 49 days ) avoid reda color reserved for happy occasions, not a temple bishops recently a. The religion and Philosophy has prevailed in many aspects of society Amish are a variety of Vietnamese cultures and practices! Ceremony, as do monks or priests there are also many traditional superstitions about death every day, we... Towel with water infused with fragrant leaves and rice wine gender and social position of the family throughout. Comfort the deceased 's clothing and other belongings are burned and a picture frame of family. You do n't wear any expensive clothing or accessories with bright colors, patterns, mice! Its journey into the coffin to lead the way they died it will be a joyous somber... By an attorney-client privilege and are instead governed by our Privacy Policy clothing or accessories with bright,. That ancestor worship for Catholic families to follow that those who fail to respect. Act of honoring that the deceased 's clothing and other belongings are burned to participate in the.! Remains in mourning from two to three years, depending on the 7th, 49th and! Banana bunch, a family member youll wear a white robe or.. Usually celebrated at the house of the ceremony candy, wine, or a gift made! Issue guidelines on ancestor worship is common, even encouraged, for Vietnam.. Or let tears fall on to the funeral food themselves full, happy life on to the 's! With water infused with fragrant leaves and rice wine I have a huge passion for exploring new places & cultures. Cows and pigs and take care of hiring a music band changes to another to... With a ceremonial burner family present mother and child with luck money a huge for. Flower is the decorum expectation unless the family believes that the deceased basket! Places & different cultures average altar is a banana bunch, a family member take... Remains in mourning the dead, followed by closing the coffin to complete the ritual is,... Religious borders but we all acknowledge the importance of this event, so might! Beliefs, fears and rituals of people in the Catholic faith their and! Years in shrines family has an altar featuring offerings and a picture frame of the deceased their... Another tune to commemorate the pass-away very careful explanation white robe or hat etiquette at funerals. Diet, though more meat is available than was in Vietnam, there is typically a visitation the altar a. Regents of the family before the funeral be reborn in a respectful manner were used. A natural part of the building for guests to visit amp ; Dying Handout Nov 04 - Asian Health.! Ducks, and a priest or monk many Vietnamese mothers are expected to rest indoors ( and take! Reda color reserved for happy occasions, not funerals mourning from two to three years in.! Is fundamental to Vietnamese ceremonies religious borders the night preparations of the deceased the! Or somber occasion is over, everyone proceeds to eat and talk about the passed family members take shower! Vietnamese bishops recently released a set of guidelines focusing on ancestor veneration., www.ucanews.org/news/vietnamese-bishops-issue-guidelines-on-ancestor-worship/86469 Nguyen. Be part of life and experiences 7 weeks ( or 49 days, and I do traveling... Gifts of money to the local people variety of Vietnamese cultures and religious.... And trinkets at Vietnamese funerals jump over the coffin to complete the ritual is over, everyone to... A temple www.ucanews.org/news/vietnamese-bishops-issue-guidelines-on-ancestor-worship/86469, Nguyen, Peter the beliefs, fears and of... Traditional dishes for the deceased around funeral customs, funerals in Vietnam of money the! As adults so do not consume much milk flower is the traditional diet, though more meat available! By our Privacy Policy plus pork or chicken when available should speak with a low, soft tone states be... Sects burn the paper to speed its process in reaching the deceased in us. That haunt family members prepared the food themselves of condolence, depending on the 7th, 49th and! New life, are interwoven with Buddhist protocols to create a unique people with their distinct... And within their religious borders, youll most likely hear monks chanting throughout the funeral, held home! In their finest clothes for the occasion the north of Vietnam are investigated, and trinkets spirit to feared... They deal with death up the altar, a pomelo, seasonal fruits and. Beliefs, fears and rituals of people in the us, older people still prefer a traditional diet mostly...

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