Regents' Lecturer, Lindsay Lowe Worthington, and her team have set out to learn more about the mysterious Queen Charlotte fault . Her royal subjects knew nothing about her racial background. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The part of California west of the San Andreas Fault and all of Baja California are on the Pacific Plate. Along, GLORIA side-scan images provide new insight to the morphology and sedimentology of the Gulf of Alaska and show that tectonism strongly influences downslope and abyssal plain sediment transport. Portrait of King George III and Queen Charlotte of the United Kingdom. Charlotte then became Queen of the United Kingdom of Great . She was the second longest-serving consort in British history, after the present Duke of Edinburgh. Dear Mrs. Meryem Berrada, Charlotte would provide funding to prevent the hospital from closing. In this case, Plate 1 illustrates a motion similiar to that of the Pacific plate, and Plate 2 illustrates that of the North America plate. J. The Queen Charlotte Fault Zone (QCFZ) off western Canada is the northern equivalent to the San Andreas Fault Zone, the Pacific-North American plate boundary. Queen Charlotte and the Prince of Wales would reconcile in 1791, and when she died in 1818, sitting in an armchair at the familys country retreat, her eldest son was there beside her, holding her hand. Alerts were sent across the Pacific Basin. [24][8] There is a distinct structural transition due to a change in the stress regime from pure shear in the southern QCF segment to simple shear in the central QCF segment as a result of convergence decreasing below a critical angle of approximately 15.[8]. According to the UK Royals' website, the "Queen's music-master was Johann Christian Bach, who was the eleventh son of the great composer Johann Sebastian Bach. It is observed that the folds in Triassic and Jurassic rocks are oriented west and northwest. Charlotte, original name Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, (born May 19, 1744died November 17, 1818), queen consort of George III of England. Explorers, such as Captain James Cook, would bring the Queen something of an amateur botanist new species of plants, which she displayed and expanded in her gardens. December 5, 2022 - Irene Gray. The 1958 earthquake had a magnitude of 7.8 and led to a major landslide in Lituya Bay, Alaska. Alaska has more large earthquakes than the rest of the United States combined. Rohr et al. In fact, the Queen Charlotte Fault ruptured twice in recent years, raising concern over its potential to damage coastal and seabed infrastructure through southeastern Alaska and western British Columbia. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Draw a map of an idealized tectonic plate and explain the earthquake hazards along each type of plate edge:, Sketch a map of the Arabian plate and explain the origin of the Iranian Holy Land, and Turkey earthquakes:, Explain why earthquakes at subduction zones are many times more powerful than spreading-center earthquakes: and more. Seismol. The primary goal of the study was to gain a better understanding of the earthquake, tsunami, and underwater-landslide hazards throughout southeastern Alaska, as well as gather data to devel, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG), Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, began mapping the fault in detail in 2015, Fairweather fault, the terrestrial portion of this tectonic system, EXPRESS (Expanding Pacific Research and Exploration of Submerged Systems), Earthquake Hazards in Southeastern Alaska, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, EXPRESS: Expanding Pacific Research and Exploration of Submerged Systems, Core Preparation and Analysis Laboratory and Sample Repositories, Characterizing the Active Queen Charlotte-Fairweather Fault System, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program News, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center News, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center News. Official websites use .gov The Queen Charlotte Fault Zone (QCFZ) off western Canada is the northern equivalent to the San Andreas Fault Zone, the Pacific-North American plate boundary. [28] Combined with other observations along the fault, this behavior implies that there may be a critical angle of obliquity within the simple shear regime at which distributed shear across multiple structures is not sustainable, and deformation can be more easily accommodated on a single structure.The fault has been the source of large, very large, and great earthquakes. Queen Charlotte with her Two Eldest Sons, Johan Zoffany, 1765. Later, Mozart would dedicate his Opus 3 piece to the Queen. A scattering of microearthquakes through the archipelago and the Coast Range and a concentration in the Glacier Bay region suggest that the seismicity may be more complex than the pattern indicated by the distribution of larger earthquakes. southeast Alaska show a southeastward age progression from older to younger and record both point source deposition at Chatham Strait and Dixon Entrance and subsequent (Quaternary ) offset along the fault system. These files provide the complete data release for the paper entitled, "Geomorphic expression and slip rate of the Fairweather fault, southeast Alaska, and evidence for predecessors of the 1958 rupture." The, A regional survey of the western Canadian continental margin from the central Queen Charlotte Island, 52/sup 0/40'N, to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, 47/sup 0/40'N, has been completed with the acoustic imaging system SeaMARC II. San Andreas, Alpine) in terms of slip rates and seismogenic potential. The Queen Charlotte Fault Zone (QCFZ) off western Canada is the northern equivalent to the San Andreas Fault Zone, the Pacific-North American plate boundary. Potential hydrocarbon reservoirs within the basin include alluvial-fan fan-delta and tidal-shelf sandstones. the transform Queen Charlotte Fault (QCF) south of Haida Gwaii (Figure 1). An active strike-slip boundary similar to Californias San Andreas fault, the Queen Charlotte Fault has produced five magnitude-7-and-higher earthquakes in the last 100 years and presents the greatest earthquake hazard to residents of southeast Alaska and western British Columbia. Brown, Sutherland A. The Queen Charlotte Basin was formed during the last 43 Ma by episodes of extension paired with a belt of subsidence and uplift. Jeffery in 1958-59. The Queen Charlotte Fault is an active transform fault that marks the boundary of the North American plate and the Pacific plate. It was discovered many years after her death by keen-eyed art historians. The springs seemed to have returned to borderline normal functioning as of July 2014. A microseismicity survey of the Queen Charlotte Islands region, Can. Faults dont stop at the shoreline, and they certainly dont stop at political boundaries, said Brothers. Charlotte was a decade older than the tragic Queen of France, yet they struck up a friendship over a shared love of music and the arts. The Chirikof system arises near Cross Sound and ends in turbidite fans south of the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain, a relic Chirikov channel that once carried sediment westward to the Aleutian Trench. In this case, Queen Charlottes fault carries the strain to the Cascadia subduction zone below it and the Alaska subduction zone above it. 1995 made a case the Explorer Plate is no longer subducting.14 They interpreted a zone of seismicity cutting across the Explorer plate to represent the new Pacific-America plate boundary. On the abyssal plain off the Shumagin margin inherited structural and bathymetric features trend parallel to magnetic anomalies, and trench parallel features reflect faulting as the ocean plate bends into the trench. Introduction but for waves that are generated locally forecast cannot be made. - Am. The Queen Charlotte fault system has been active since the Triassic period to today. (Lying-in was a slang term for childbirth, back in the day, while General meant accepting all cases.). Santa Cruz, CA 95060 This fault extends from Vancouver Island to the Gulf of Alaska. Subsidence of ocean plate now adjacent to the Chatham Strait-Dixon Entrance fault segment initiated development of both Mukluk and Horizon Channels.less, GLORIA images collected from 1986 to 1989 show sea-floor morphology from the shelf break seaward to 400 km in the Gulf of Alaska and a 70-km-wide swath along British Columbia. Our research team is exploring seismic and aseismic slip along the Alaska-Aleutian arc and studying the prehistoric record of megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis along the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zoneSeismic and Aseismic Slip: Tectonic tremor and associated slow slip events represent a newly discovered part of the earthquake cycle. These data, combined with single-channel and multichannel seismic reflection data, reveal many new insights concerning the deep structure of the subduction margin off Vancouver Island. The Queen Charlotte Fault, British Columbia: seafloor anatomy of a transform fault and its influence on sediment processes. 99826, Download the official NPS app before your next visit. 24, causing a magnitude 7.4 quake to hit the offshore Haida Gwaii region. , Transpression along the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte Fault resulted in volcanic activity on the Baranof-Chichagof block at Mount Edgecumbe as recently as 5,000 years ago, and modern seismicity on the fault indicates it remains active. United States, 4210 University Drive [5] The same location also marks earthquake rupture boundaries between the 2013 Craig event[25] and the 1972 M7.6 Sitka event,[26][27] as well as the inferred intersection of the Chatham Strait Fault and the Aja Fracture Zone (FZ) with the Queen Charlotte Fault; the Aja FZ also marks an approximately 3 million year contrast in Pacific Plate crustal age. An important tectonic boundary, the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte fault system, runs along the western coast of the park. These precise measurements are made possible through the use of geodesy, which can record millimeter-scale elevation and lateral changes in the landscape as the Earth's crust crumples, stretches and grinds from tectonic plate movement. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 104, 8392. The Mukluk and Horizon channels start along southeast Alaska and end 1,000 km away on the Tufts abyssal plain. Relevance The Surveyor system begins between Pamplona Spur and Alsek Canyon and empties into the Aleutian Trench. canyons and sediment transport channels on the slope and adjacent abyssal plain. As a token of their appreciation, it would be re-named the Queen Charlottes and Chelsea Hospital, and is now one of the most respected maternity hospitals in London. In the very long term the Walker Lane could connect northward with the Queen Charlotte fault near the . Although there are problems with biases in earthquake A re-examination of the August 22, 1949 Queen Charlotte earthquake. Barrie, J.V., Conway, K., Harris, P.T., 2013. Both kingdoms were in a personal union under George until the Acts of Union 1800 merged them on 1 January 1801. This research aims to better characterize the earthquake potential of the southern Fairweather Fault in order to provide more accurate fault source data for the USGS National Seismic Hazard Map. In addition, the strike-slip motion of the Pacific and North America plate causes shearing in the northwest direction. Subsidence of ocean plate now adjacent to the Chatham Strait-Dixon Entrance fault segment initiated development of both Mukluk and Horizon Channels. [14], Crustal deformation via strain partitioning likely dominates the southern segment,[15][16][8] as evidenced by the thrust mechanism of the 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake,[17] where geoscientists observed downwarping and normal faulting on the Pacific Plate west of Haida Gwaii. Briefly, the Cascadia subduction zone is the region where the Juan De Fuca plate is moving towards/under the North America plate. The 2014 earthquake triggered an undersea slump that severed a fiber optic cable, which serves communities in the greater Gustavus-Juneau area, including the state capitol. [4] ; (United States). Like the San Andreas fault, the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather Fault separates the Pacific tectonic plate from the North American plate. The fault steps westward at Tuzo Wilson Knolls, which likely is a spreading ridge segment. The data set consists of radiocarbon dates analyzed at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility. Offering logistical and field support isnt the Science Centers only role, we also work hard to bring this work to our middle and high school classes through developing age appropriate lessons and hosting evening presentations geared towards lifelong learners. Here, I use modeling to understand the plate kinematics and deformation associated with the Pacific-North America plate boundary, near the island of Haida Gwaii, to investigate the development of the Queen Charlotte Terrace, and its position within . The formation of the Peters Hills basin is consistent with it being a wedge-top basin that formed on top of the active southeast-vergent Broad Pass thrust fault. 10 am - 2 pm, WednesdaySaturday : There was margin subduction prior to the Eocene. PO Box 140 The yellow start is the epicenter of the largest earthquake that occured in Canada (22nd August, 1945). In 2017, the U.S. Geological Survey, Geological Survey of Canada (Natural Resources Canada), Sitka Sound Science Center, and the Universityof Calgary joined forces to examine the entire length of this poorly understood fault. Oblique subduction along the plate boundary in the late Cenozoic resulted in uplift and folding of portions of the northern half of the basin. Hanging canyons of Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada: Fault-control on submarine canyon geomorphology along active continental margins. Geo-Marine Letters 33, 311318. The red arrows illustrate the resulting plates movement. Creating a 700 mile boundary between the Pacific and NorthAmerican tectonic plates, the fault has been described as the San Andreas of the north based on its characteristic horizontal motion (i.e., strike-slip faulting) and its frequent earthquakes. (Brown Bulletin 54, 153) For instance, Canadas largest earthquake occurred the 22nd of August 1945, an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 occurred near Prince Rupert city; its study revealed a lot about the nearby fault. Brown and W.J Jeffery in 1958-59 displays the location and age of the observed rocks, the beddings, foliation, fold axes, faults, contact and contour interval of 1000ft (. The study of this earthquake also confirmed that although the Queen Charlottes fault is dominantly a right-lateral transform, fault, there is also compression between the Pacific and North American plates along the southern portion of the fault where, the two plates converge with the Juan de Fuca plate, (Magnitude, 2) The seismologists found this earthquake to be a result of a combination of reverse and strike-slip faulting: which chategorizes this fault as an oblique transform fault. At least one canyon is offset by strike-slip motion along the fault Fan channels coalesce to form two deep-sea turbidite channels (Mukluk and Horizon) that extend 1,000 km southward to the Tufts Abyssal Plain. The two plates slide past one another, so the plate boundary is known as a transform, or strike slip, fault. email information@sitkascience.org, WednesdaySaturday It is often referred to as the right lateral strike-slip equivalent to the San Andreas fault zone. More than three-quarters of the states population live in an area that can experience a magnitude 7 earthquake. (Fossen, 224) This suggests that the forces causing the folds were equivalent from Triassic to Tertiary period. [32] Recent detailed seafloor mapping has revealed the expression of the Queen Charlotte Fault on the seafloor,[33] including the truncation of submarine canyons that occur along the continental slope.[34]. Impressive, to be sure, but being pregnant for a good part of her marriage weighed on the Queen. (Sedimentary), Queen Charlottes fault, named after its located near Queen Charlottes Islands. Woods Hole, MA 02543 Meghan Markle in March 2018. The second quake, just 200 miles to the north, generated a magnitude 7.5 event offshore of Craig, Alaska, rupturing a 70-mile long stretch of the fault. Earth Sciences questions and answers. The fault system crosses the shelf from Icy Point to south of Yakobi Valley, then follows the shelf edge to Chatham Strait. Of these, 84 lie on or close to the Queen Charlotte Fault, most within the rupture zone of the great 1949 earthquake (MS = 8.1). Plate 1 illustrates a motion similar to that of the Pacific plate, Plate 2 illustrates that of the North America plate. The red line represents a wavelength. Accretionary wedge structures range from highly discontinuous to long and continuous. The blue arrows illustrate the acting force. Tributary channels from Cross Sound to Alsek Valley form the Chirikov channel system which bends westward and ends in turbidite fans south of the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain. Am. The Queen Charlotte Fault is a transpressive transform plate boundary between the Pacific and North American plates offshore western Canada. The bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter data are provided as GeoTIFFs with 10-m spatial res. Six large earthquakes have occurred along the Queen Charlotte Fault within the last hundred years: a magnitude 7 event in 1929, a magnitude 8.1 in 1949 (Canada's largest recorded earthquake since the 1700 Cascadia earthquake), a magnitude 7.8 in 1958, a magnitude 7.4 in 1970, a magnitude 7.8 in 2012, and a magnitude 7.6 in 2013.[4]. Queen Charlotte's fault by meryem berrada. Video Software we use: https://amzn.to/2KpdCQFAd-free videos.You can support us by purchasing something through our Amazon-Url, thanks :)The Queen Charlotte . She introduced the Christmas tree to Britain. The Queen Charlotte Fault is an active transform fault that marks the boundary of the North American and the Pacific Plates. The 2016 research expeditions used Lidar and trenching to gather data on the Fairweather fault, the terrestrial portion of this tectonic system in the nearly roadless Glacier Bay National Park in southeast Alaska. The Queen Charlotte Fault forms a triple junction south with the Cascadia subduction zone and the Explorer Ridge (the Queen Charlotte Triple Junction). But the Queen intervened to ensure Charlotte would not be known as 'Lady Charlotte', according to a royal historian. Figure 4: Combination of reverse and strike-slip faulting. Convergence of the Pacific and North American plates along northern British . Geol., Bull. We are fortunate to have a strong partnership with Natural Resources Canadas Geological Survey of Canada, so that we can examine the fault system in its entirety." [4] This is similar to the 1970 earthquake, which also showed a strike-slip movement with a small but significant thrust component, consistent with relative plate motion. From Cross Sound to Pamplona Spur, dendritic gulley systems and short chutes cross the slope into tributary channels that, In an 81-day period during the summer of 969 four portable seismographs were operated in northwest British Columbia and southeast Alaska. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The current state of transpressive plate boundary systems results from spatial and temporal changes between both rheologic and kinematic parameters. Her husband, King George III, suffered from mental illness, and Charlotte ultimately served as his guardian until her death. While the San Andreas fault is continental fault, both display similar faulting system. Ward said the area is known as the Queen Charlotte fault, where the earth's plates slide horizontally across each other in a strike-slip action, similar to what happens along California's San . The length of the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather fault system is 1330 km, slightly longer than the San Andreas fault, with a reported width of 1-5 km, and ~75% of the length is located offshore . AK 99835 This data publication is a compilation of six different multibeam surveys covering the previously unmapped Queen Charlotte Fault offshore southeast Alaska and Haida Gwaii, Canada. Brub, J., G. C. Rogers, R. M. Ellis, and F. O. Hasselgren (1989). The blue plane illustrates the axial plane. Cent neuf tremblements de terre de magnitude variant entre 0,5 5,1 furent nettement enregistrs trois stations et plus, et la localisation de chacun a t dtermine avec prcision. Subduction Zone: A region where the earth's plates collide, with one plate sliding beneath the other. "It's the same plate boundary, the same two plates moving past each other but the big difference is that the San Andreas fault is mostly on land . From north to south, there is a decreasing rate of convergence[8] and change in fault obliquity which appears to divide the fault into at least three distinct kinematic zones [2] along strike with associated changes in seafloor morphology, fault structure, and seismicity. The epicenter of this earthquake is found to be at the junction of the North America plate and the Pacific plate. At the northern end of this fault system, the Fairweather fault marks the boundary between the North American plate and the Yakutat block, a small microplate in the hinge of Alaska. The Queen Charlotte Fault is an active transform fault that marks the boundary of the North American plate and the Pacific plate. According to A.Sutherland Browns article Geology of the Queen Charlotte Islands, folds with low intensity are observable near the junction of the Pacific and North America plates. Read another story from us:The life of Mary Queen of Scots Married 3 times, imprisoned and her untimely end. . (Brown Preliminary Geological Map, 1), Figure 9: This illustration reveals the location of the different basins on the west coast of Canada, near Queen Charlotte's fault, that have the necessary conditions for gas and oil formation. 1 inset). She had a dysfunctional family. 26, 25562566, CBC Newsworld, "7.7 Magnitude Quake Breaking News Special", airdate: 2728 October 2012. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. San Andreas, Alpine) in terms of slip rates and seismogenic potential. Recently Updated A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Gustavus The Queen Charlotte fault is the offshore portion of the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather Fault, In 2015, U.S. Geological Survey scientists in collaboration with scientists from other institutions began a study of the Queen Charlotte faultthe first systematic study of the fault in more than three decades. After George descended into permanent madness in 1811, the Prince was declared Regent. "Chapter Four: Structural Geology. The purpose of the proposed study is to characterize an approximately 450-km segment of the fault that encompasses systematic variations in key parameters in space and time: (1) Changes in fault obliquity relative to Pacific-North American plate motion leading to increased convergence from north to south; (2) Pacific plate age and theoretical Ashley Elizabeth Fliehr, who is commonly known as Charlotte Flair, is one of the leading women of the Women's division in WWE. Sort By: Between Pamplona Spur and Middleton Island, dendritic slope canyons reach the eastern end of the Aleutian Trench sediment moves southwestward along the trench. This fault segment is bounded on the seaward side by a high, midslope ridge and by lower slope Quaternary( ) anticlines up to 35 km wide. most numerous seismic events recorded, numbering in the thousands, were low-frequency events emanating from a number of specific areas where large glaciers are located. (1 mk) TRUE or FALSE. A subduction zone occurs at plate margins, when the plates converge and one of the plates is plunging under the other one. The beddings vary from a layer of volcanic rocks to a layer of sedimentary rocks, followed by an unconformity, a layer of sedimentary rocks, and a younger layer of volcanic rocks. Since the last revisions to the map for Alaska in 2007, scientists have made significant advances in understanding active faulting, fault slip rates, and fault behavior. In 1761 she was selected unseen after the British king asked for a review of all eligible German Protestant princesses. We can think of this fault system as the San Andreas of the north, said USGS Research Geophysicist Danny Brothers, a lead author of the publications. The Queen Charlotte-Fairweather Fault extends more than 1,200 kilometers (750 miles) from offshore of Vancouver Island, Canada, to the Fairweather Range of southeast Alaska. Queen Charlotte (born Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenberg-Strelitz) was the Queen of England from 1761-1818. The QCF connects to the Fairweather fault further north along the Alaskan coast. I thank you for your great work, very interesting. Bostwick, T. (1984). The heat flow in the Queen Charlotte Basin has been calculated to be 695 mW/m 2. of the offshore subbasins contain clastic sediments in excess of 3,000 m thick and strata as thick as 6,000 m are known to occur in the deepest depocenters. We map the 385-kilometer (km) long surface trace of the right-lateral, strike-slip Denali Fault between the Totschunda-Denali Fault intersection in Alaska, United States and the village of Haines Junction, Yukon, Canada. The Fairweather fault is visible on land for about 170 miles from Cross Sound to its junction with the St. Elias fault near Yakutat Bay. These oldest folds have wavelengths of 10-16 miles with amplitudes of 2-3 miles (, (Brown Bulletin 54, 156)The folds observed in all these rocks are all gentle (interlimb angle of 120-180 degrees). (Brown Preliminary Geological Map,1), The study on Queen Charlotte Islands of the rocks from the Mesozoic era, from the Triassic period to the Cretaceous period, reveals the presence of basalt, limestone, volcanic sandstone, horneblende, garnite, quartz, amphibolites, argillite, shale, sharpstone, mica, and rhyolite among others. Southeast of Dixon Entrance, the active fault trace trends back onto the outer shelf until midway along the Queen Charlotte Islands, then cuts back to and stays at midslope to the Tuzo Wilson Knolls south of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Though born in Germany and a princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Charlotte was directly descended from an African branch of the Portuguese Royal House. In the northern segment, which bore the epicenter of the strike-slip 2013 Craig earthquake, bathymetric data suggests that the ridge-basin complex gives way to simpler fault morphology. Alas, it never came to be. When you drive from the airport in North Carolina, you can't miss . 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North America plate plates slide past one another, so the plate boundary between the Pacific and North plate! Folding of portions of the North American and the Alaska subduction zone occurs at plate margins when. C. Rogers, R. M. Ellis, and they certainly dont stop at political boundaries said! S plates collide, with one plate sliding beneath the other one portions of the Queen Charlotte near... Box 140 the yellow start is the region where the earth & # x27 ; s plates,... And continuous of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Charlotte would provide funding to prevent the hospital from closing northern of... Case, Queen Charlottes fault, British Columbia: seafloor anatomy of transform. Ocean plate now adjacent to the Fairweather fault further North along the boundary... To today '', airdate: 2728 October 2012 fault that marks the boundary the., Harris, P.T., 2013 was the second longest-serving consort in British history, after the Duke... 1800 merged them on 1 January 1801 2 illustrates that of the North America plate and the Pacific plates pregnant! Duke of Edinburgh, Canada: Fault-control on submarine Canyon geomorphology along active continental margins have returned to normal. 1800 merged them on 1 January 1801 Carolina, you can & # x27 ; s collide! George III and Queen Charlotte fault ( QCF ) south of Haida Gwaii ( Figure )... Half of the August 22, 1949 Queen Charlotte fault is an active fault! Alaskan coast the western coast of the northern half of the plates is plunging under the other one another so. Both Mukluk and Horizon channels the rest of the North American plate and Alaska...

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